“…Without such reflection, administrators routinely fail to recognize and confront personal values, attitudes, and behaviors that contradict their own espoused theories of effective leadership, and this failure can produce substantial adverse outcomes for individuals and organizations (Argyris, 1990(Argyris, , 1994Bass, 1981). This latter point is especially important in light of countless studies that demonstrate that some school principals typically employ leadership approaches that adversely affect teachers as well as classroom instruction (e.g., Blase et al, 1986;Blase, 1990;Blase & Blase, 1998;Diehl, 1993;Farber, 1991;Malen & Ogawa, 1988;McNeil, 1986); such studies have revealed that, in many cases, principals may not be aware of the consequences of their actions (Adams, 1988, Gunn & Holdaway, 1986High & Achilles, 1986;Reitzug & Cross, 1994). Indeed, few people are without personality characteristics that, in positions of leadership and under various organizational conditions, could result in the mistreatment of others (Ashforth, 1994;Barreca, 1995;Kets de Vries, 1989.…”