“…Nationalist and isolationist political parties have become increasingly successful in the electoral arena (Colantone & Stanig, 2018a ; De Vries et al ., 2021 ; Trubowitz & Burgoon, 2022 ). 1 Nationalist parties use nationalism as a legitimation strategy (Choi, 2022 ; Ko & Choi, 2022 ) and tend to blame their voters’ and their country’s problems predominantly on developments originating abroad, such as migration, international trade, or international institutions that limit national sovereignty (Posner, 2017 ; Vasilopoulou et al ., 2014 ). As a solution, they usually propose policies that limit their country’s and their voters’ exposure to these developments, such as less migration, stronger borders, or fewer internationally binding agreements (Börzel & Risse, 2018 ; Choi, 2021 ; Hooghe & Marks, 2018 ; Kriesi et al ., 2008 ; Voeten, 2020 ; Zürn & De Wilde, 2016 ).…”