Leader-mRNA Junction Sequences Are Unique for Each Subgenomic mRNA Species in the Bovine Coronavirus and Remain So Throughout Persistent Infection

Hofmann, Martin; Chang, Ruey-Yi; Ku, Seulah; Brian, David A.

doi:10.1006/viro.1993.1464

Cited by 50 publications

(52 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, no variation has been found in transcripts from the MHV mRNA3 promoter, which contains only a single UCUAA element despite the existence of multiple UCUAA motifs in the leader (46). In BCV, where only a single UCUAA element exists in both the genomic leader and at each intergenic site, no variant junction sequences have been found, which is consistent with the idea that the multiple UCUAA motifs in MHV contribute to variable leader-mRNA junction structures (60). With the demonstration that transcripts of cloned DI RNA can undergo replication in helper virus-infected cells, it was observed that transfected DI RNA possessing one type of leader sequence rapidly lost this leader and acquired (within one cycle of virus replication) the leader of the helper virus (37).…”

Section: The Model Of Leader Acquisition During Plus-strand Synthesissupporting

confidence: 78%

Recombination and Coronavirus Defective Interfering RNAs

Brian

Spaan

1997

Seminars in Virology

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Naturally occurring defective interfering RNAs have been found in 4 of 14 coronavirus species. They range in size from 2.2 kb to approximately 25 kb, or 80% of the 30-kb parent virus genome. The large DI RNAs do not in all cases appear to require helper virus for intracellular replication and it has been postulated that they may on their own function as agents of disease. Coronavirus DI RNAs appear to arise by internal deletions (through nonhomologous recombination events) on the virus genome or on DI RNAs of larger size by a polymerase strand-switching (copy-choice) mechanism. In addition to their use in the study of virus RNA replication and virus assembly, coronavirus DI RNAs are being used in a major way to study the mechanism of a high-frequency, site-specific RNA recombination event that leads to leader acquisition during virus replication (i.e., the leader fusion event that occurs during synthesis of subgenomic mRNAs, and the leader-switching event that can occur during DI RNA replication), a distinguishing feature of coronaviruses (and arteriviruses). Coronavirus DI RNAs are also being engineered as vehicles for the generation of targeted recombinants of the parent virus genome. 1997 Academic Press KEY WORDS: RNA recombination; leader fusion; recombinant coronaviruses. DISCUSSION Recombination and the Origin of Coronavirus DI RNAs

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Section: The Model Of Leader Acquisition During Plus-strand Synthesissupporting

confidence: 78%

Recombination and Coronavirus Defective Interfering RNAs

Brian

Spaan

1997

Seminars in Virology

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“…S2) except the TRSs for all ORF3 and the E gene of HKU8. It has been reported that the leader TRS can also join the body segment at an unusual consensus sequence preceding the ORFs without the presence of the core sequence (Hofmann et al, 1993). However, we were not able to demonstrate this in these bat viruses because none of these viruses could be cultured in vitro and we have no means of obtaining sufficient viral RNA for detailed investigation.…”

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confidence: 71%

Genomic characterizations of bat coronaviruses (1A, 1B and HKU8) and evidence for co-infections in Miniopterus bats

Chu

Peiris

Chen

et al. 2008

Journal of General Virology

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We previously reported the detection of bat coronaviruses (bat CoVs 1A, 1B, HKU7, HKU8 and bat-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) in Miniopterus spp. that cohabit a cave in Hong Kong. Here, we report the full genomic sequences of bat CoVs 1A, 1B and HKU8. Bat CoVs 1A and 1B, which are commonly found in the Miniopterus, are phylogenetically closely related. Using species-specific RT-PCR assays, bat CoVs 1A and 1B were confirmed to have distinct host specificities to Miniopterus magnater and Miniopterus pusillus, respectively. Interestingly, co-infections of bat CoVs 1B and HKU8 in M. pusillus are detected in seven of 38 virus-positive specimens collected from 2004 to 2006. These findings highlight that co-infections of some coronaviruses might be common events in nature. The biological basis for the host restriction of bat coronaviruses, however, is yet to be determined. Coronavirus (CoV) is a genus of viruses in the familyCoronaviridae under the order Nidovirales. Based on antigenic and genetic analyses, CoVs are divided into three major groups. The viruses have positive-sense, singlestranded RNA genomes with sizes ranging from 27000 to 32000 nt (Gorbalenya et al., 2006). Their genomes are polycistronic and contain at least five major open reading frames (ORFs) with the characteristic gene order [59-replicase (rep), spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N)-39]. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 highlighted the potential health threat of coronaviruses to humans (Peiris et al., 2003). This prompted an intensive search for the precursor of SARS CoV in wildlife and the discovery of several novel CoVs in bats in China, including the viruses that are closely related to SARS CoV (Dong et al., 2007;Lau et al., 2005;Poon et al., 2005;Tang et al., 2006;Woo et al., 2006). Recently, the biological importance of bats for the ecology of coronaviruses was further reiterated by the discovery of novel bat CoVs (BtCoVs) in other continents (Dominguez et al., 2007;Muller et al., 2007).We previously reported the discovery of the first BtCoV (Poon et al., 2005). In addition, we also performed a longitudinal study on Miniopterus magnater and Miniopterus pusillus bats that cohabit an abandoned cave in Hong Kong (Chu et al., 2006). BtCoV HKU7 and bat-SARS-CoV were detected only once in our specimens, while BtCoVs 1A, 1B and HKU8 were detected repeatedly in these bats. A clear host species restriction was observed with BtCoV 1A being found in M. magnater and BtCoV 1B in M. pusillus even though these two CoVs are genetically very similar and the two bat species co-inhabit the same cave. Thus, these virus surveillance studies might allow unique opportunities to understand better the dynamics and prevalence of coronaviruses within a single geographical location. To understand better the genetic relationships of the BtCoVs that are repeatedly found in the local Miniopterus spp, representative faecal samples positive for BtCoVs 1A, 1B and HKU8 in our previous investigations were selec...

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“…According to this scenario, CRCoV 4182 may descent from a mutation of an ancestral bovine-like strain that exhibited the full-length 11 kDa protein, whereas CRCoV 240/05 and G9142 presumably descended from a different ancestor that showed the two distinct non-structural proteins. Furthermore, nsp 4.9 and 4.8 are not present in the bovine-derivative HCoV-OC43 (Vijgen et al, 2005) and their function is yet unknown in BCoV itself where the 4.9 kDa protein could not been expressed due to the absence of a start codon in its mRNA (Hofmann et al, 1993). Obviously, it cannot be ruled out that the elevated level of genomic differences among the accessory genes is due to the high frequency of mutations/deletions that occur during CoV evolution, rather than to RNA recombination events that characterize CoV ecology (Lai et al, 1985;Makino et al, 1986;Banner and Lai, 1991).…”

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confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of a canine respiratory coronavirus strain detected in Italy

Lorusso¹,

Desario²,

Mari³

et al. 2009

Virus Research

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Coronaviruses (CoVs) are positive-stranded, non-segmented RNA viruses generally responsible for the emergence of respiratory and enteric disease in humans, companion animals and livestock. Their aptitude to evolve by genetic recombination and/or point mutation is recognized, thus giving rise to new viral genotypes and mutants with different tissues or host tropism. In particular, a probable origin from the strictly related bovine coronavirus (BCoV) or, alternatively, from a common ancestor has been suggested for some group 2a CoVs, including canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV). In this study, we report the sequence analysis of the viral RNA 3'-end of an Italian CRCoV, strain 240/05, together with the sequence comparison with extant bovine-like viruses including the sole CRCoV strain 4182 previously described. Interestingly, although the structural proteins show the same features of CRCoV 4182, the genomic region between the spike and the envelope protein genes of CRCoV 240/05 encodes for three distinct products, including the equivalent bovine 4.9 kDa non-structural protein and a truncated form of the 4.8 kDa protein, whereas CRCoV 4182 has a unique 8.8 kDa protein.

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Leader-mRNA Junction Sequences Are Unique for Each Subgenomic mRNA Species in the Bovine Coronavirus and Remain So Throughout Persistent Infection

Cited by 50 publications

References 0 publications

Recombination and Coronavirus Defective Interfering RNAs

Recombination and Coronavirus Defective Interfering RNAs

Genomic characterizations of bat coronaviruses (1A, 1B and HKU8) and evidence for co-infections in Miniopterus bats

Molecular characterization of a canine respiratory coronavirus strain detected in Italy

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