Lead Recovery From PbO Using Hydrogen as a Reducing Agent

Rukini, A.; Rhamdhani, M. Akbar; Brooks, Geoffrey; Bulck, Amy Van den

doi:10.1007/s11663-023-02745-0

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The biggest AUSMELT lead smelters are Weser Metall GmbH, Germany (Glencore Nordenham since August 2021) (200,000 tpa) and YTCL (190,000 tpa). Further discussion on the subject is summarized in Table 5 [85]. It should be noted that within this table, several plants are listed that also incorporate secondary materials within their feed mixture.…”

Section: Ausmelt: Primary Lead Smeltingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Top Submerged Lance (TSL) Processing—Part II: Thermodynamics, Slag Chemistry and Plant Flowsheets

Kandalam,

Reuter,

Stelter

et al. 2023

Metals

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In Part II of this series of review papers, the reaction mechanisms, thermodynamics, slag chemistry and process flowsheets are analyzed concerning cases where the TSL bath smelter has found its application. These include the primary and secondary production routes of five non-ferrous metals (tin, copper, lead, nickel, zinc), ironmaking and two waste-processing applications (spent pot lining and municipal solid waste/related ash treatment). Thereby, chemistry and processing aspects of these processes are concisely reviewed here, allowing for clear and in-depth overview of related aspects. In contrast to Part I, the focus lies on a holistic analysis of the metallurgical processes themselves, especially the particularities induced by carrying them out in a TSL reactor rather than on the respective equipment and auxiliaries. The methodology employed per metal/application is presented briefly. Firstly, the feed type and associated statistical information are introduced, along with relevant process goals, e.g., the secondary metallurgy of copper involves the recovery of platinum group metals (PGMs) from waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Subsequently, associated chemistry is discussed, including respective chemical equations, analysis of the reaction mechanisms and phase diagrams (especially of associated slag systems); these are redrawn using FactSage 8.1 (databases used: FactPS, FToxid, FTmisc, FTsalt and FTOxCN) and validated by comparing them with the literature. Then, based on the above understanding of chemistry and thermodynamics, the flowsheets of several industrial TSL plants are introduced and discussed while providing key figures associated with process conditions and input/output streams. Finally, this article culminates by providing a concise overview of the simulation and digitization efforts on TSL technology. In light of the foregoing discourse, this paper encapsulates basic principles and operational details, specifically those pertaining to TSL bath smelting operations within the non-ferrous industry, thereby offering valuable insights intended to benefit both scholarly researchers and industry professionals.

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Section: Ausmelt: Primary Lead Smeltingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…in the slag. The lab trials using hydrogen as an alternative carbon source are discussed by [85], which is not considered in this report.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Top Submerged Lance (TSL) Processing—Part II: Thermodynamics, Slag Chemistry and Plant Flowsheets

Kandalam,

Reuter,

Stelter

et al. 2023

Metals

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Kinetics and Mechanism of Hydrogen Reduction of Lead-Silicate Slag

Rukini,

Rhamdhani,

Brooks

et al. 2023

Metall Mater Trans B

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A systematic study on the microstructure evolution and kinetics analysis of PbO–SiO2 slag reduction using hydrogen was conducted. The reduction was carried out on PbO–SiO2 pellets (70 wt pct PbO–30 wt pct SiO2; or 38.6 mol pct PbO and 61.4 mol pct SiO2) using 15 pctH2/85 pctN2 gas, with a flowrate of 500mL/min for various reaction time (30 minutes to 3 hours) isothermally at 300 °C to 700 °C. The kinetics and reaction mechanism were assessed by measuring the weight loss over reaction time and applying kinetics models on the data; supported by detailed samples characterizations. The results from microstructure observation show a viscous and blackish glass structure formed on the pellets when the reduction was carried out above softening point (glass transition temperature). This viscous structure appeared to reduce the overall reduction rate. The kinetics analysis shows that the reduction appeared to be a diffusion-controlled process. The activation energy, Ea, was calculated to be 70.7 kJ/mol at temperature range of 300 °C to 500 °C; while between 500 °C and 700 °C the kinetics were found to decrease with increasing temperature due to the formation of the viscous glass. These results suggest that for a complete reduction in industrial process, the formation of the viscous glassy state should be avoided.

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