Lead (Pb) in Shooting Range Soil: a Systematic Literature Review of Contaminant Behavior, Risk Assessment, and Remediation Options

Mendes, Gabriela Paupitz; Soares, Lélia Cristina da Rocha; Viegas, Rayanne Macêdo Aranha; Chiavone-Filho, Osvaldo; do Nascimento, Claudio Augusto Oller

doi:10.1007/s11270-023-06783-x

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Consequently, the detection of contamination of varying magnitudes has been observed in nearly all range environments. Pb, one of the priority metal contaminants in firing ranges, has been found in concentrations up to tens of thousands of mg/kg in contaminated ranges around the world, with the highest levels on berm (Hardison Jr et al, 2004;Mendes et al, 2023). Clay fragments piled up in the range contain large amounts of coal tar and petroleum asphalt, which can contain as much as 3,000-40,000 mg/kg of PAHs (Wolf et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, large quantities of metal fragments released into the environment as a result of shooting activities can be partially transformed into metal secondary minerals, thereby increasing the potential for the transport of heavy metals in the environment and expanding the scope of heavy pollution (Dermatas et al, 2006b). Inorganic heavy metals and organic pollutants, etc., in the range may pollute groundwater and nearby surface water through migration, etc., affecting the health of aquatic ecosystems (Mendes et al, 2023). In addition, direct exposure of humans to the environment around shooting ranges, inhalation of dust, or ingestion of heavy metals such as Pb, Zn, Ni, As and other (loid) heavy metals through the food chain can lead to a certain degree to cardiovascular disease, anemia, kidney damage and even cancer, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contamination and remediation of contaminated firing ranges—an overview

Zhu,

Che,

et al. 2024

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Land and groundwater resources are fundamental pillars of sustainable human development. The negligent abandonment of ammunition and its fragments during range activities can result in severe contamination of range sites, thereby posing a significant risk to both the ecological environment and human health. Nevertheless, numerous uncertainties persist regarding the comprehension of range contaminated sites. In this study, the literature on the range of contaminated sites decommissioned after 2000 was systematically examined to consolidate basic information related to these sites, such as contaminant types, contamination status, and remediation measures. Considerable attention is devoted to investigating the advancement of diverse techniques, such as phytoremediation, chemical leaching, and solidification/stabilization, to remediate polluted areas within decommissioned firing ranges. Among the various types of remediation means, physical remediation and chemical remediation have higher remediation efficiency, but generally have higher costs and are prone to secondary pollution. Bioremediation is low cost and environmentally friendly, but has a long restoration cycle. The choice of remediation method should be based on actual needs. Additionally, this study puts forth prospective avenues for future research. Ultimately, this endeavor aims to attract the interest of scholars toward the remediation of contaminated sites within firing ranges, thereby making a valuable contribution to both human wellbeing and sustainable progress.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contamination and remediation of contaminated firing ranges—an overview

Zhu,

Che,

et al. 2024

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Biochar Amendments and Phytoremediation: A Combined Approach for Effective Lead Removal in Shooting Range Soils

Maceiras,

Perez-Rial,

Alfonsin

et al. 2024

Toxics

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The increasing contamination of soil with heavy metals poses a problem to environmental sustainability. Among these pollutants, lead is particularly concerning due to its persistence in the environment, with harmful effects on human health and ecosystems. Various strategies that combine phytoremediation techniques with soil amendments have emerged to mitigate lead contamination. In this context, biochar has gained significant attention for its potential to enhance soil quality and remediate metal-contaminated environments. This study aims to investigate the combined effect of biochar amendments on the phytoremediation of lead-contaminated shooting range soils. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the impact of the amount and distribution of biochar on lead removal from soil. Soil samples were incubated with biochar for one week, after which two types of seeds (Brassica rapa and Lolium perenne) were planted. Plant and root lengths, as well as the number of germinated seeds, were measured, and a statistical analysis was conducted to determine the influence of the amendments. After one month, the Pb concentration decreased by more than 70%. Our results demonstrate that seed germination and plant growth were significantly better in soil samples where biochar was mixed rather than applied superficially, with the optimal performance observed at a 10% wt. biochar amendment. Additionally, the combined use of biochar and phytoremediation proved highly effective in immobilizing lead and reducing its bioavailability. These findings suggest that the combination of biochar, particularly when mixed at appropriate concentrations, and Brassica rapa significantly improved lead removal efficiency.

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Lead (Pb) in Shooting Range Soil: a Systematic Literature Review of Contaminant Behavior, Risk Assessment, and Remediation Options

Cited by 2 publications

References 49 publications

Contamination and remediation of contaminated firing ranges—an overview

Contamination and remediation of contaminated firing ranges—an overview

Biochar Amendments and Phytoremediation: A Combined Approach for Effective Lead Removal in Shooting Range Soils

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