Lead migration from toys by anodic stripping voltammetry using a bismuth film electrode

Abstract

Metals may be released from toys via saliva during mouthing, via sweat during dermal contact, or via gastric and intestinal fluids after partial or whole ingestion. In this study, we determined the lead migration from toys bought on the Portuguese market for children below 3 years of age. The lead migration was performed according to the European Committee for Standardization EN 71-3, which proposes a 2-hour migration test that simulates human gastric conditions. The voltammetric determination of migrated lead was performed by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) at a bismuth film electrode (BiFE). For all the analyzed toys, the values of migrated lead did not exceed the limits imposed by the European Committee for Standardization EN 71-3 (90 mg kg) and by the EU Directive 2009/48/EC (13.5 mg kg) on the safety of toys.

Contamination by hazardous elements in low-priced children’s plastic toys bought on the local markets of Karachi, Pakistan

“…Ni only exceeded in 1 sample in the highest quantity that is Study boy (DCT08) 3000.1mg/kg however in that sample Pb and Cd were not detected although other elements Zn, Cr, Mn, and Cu were detected in lesser quantities. Series of experiments in past literature indicated low levels of contaminations also detected in toys that are (Leal, Catarino et al 2016, Sobhanardakani and Babaei 2016, Karaś and Frankowski 2018, Al Kindi and Ali 2020, Mohammed, Dial et al 2020) on the other hand in most literature levels of Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mn were reported in high quantities (Al-Qutob, Asafra et al 2014, Ismail, Mohamad et al 2017.…”

Validación de método electroanalítico para determinación in-situ de cadmio y plomo en agua potable

“…Debido a que su uso es variado, ejemplo de ello es la fabricación de baterías; productos químicos (pinturas y gasolina), soldaduras, tuberías, municiones, esmalte de cerámica, acero y otros metales. La exposición del ser humano es inevitable debido a que por cualquier motivo estamos cerca de él, y esto se debe a que lo inhalamos a través del aire y lo ingerimos por medio del agua y alimentos contaminados con las fuentes de origen natural o provocados por el hombre (Grabarczyk&Wardak, 2016).Sus consecuencias en la salud son: daño renal, enfisema pulmonar, alteraciones óseas, hematopoyético, y neurológico, siendo estos sistemas de gran importancia en nuestro cuerpo y causando grandes daños en los mismos (Leal et al, 2015).La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para Alimentos y la Agricultura, establece que el nivel máximo de cadmio y plomo en agua es de 3µg.L -1 y 10 µg.L -1 respectivamente.…”