Lead Levels in the Household Environment of Children in 3 High-Risk Communities in California

Sutton, Patrice; Athanasoulis, Marcos; Flessel, Peter; Guirguis, G N; Haan, Michael; Schlag, Robert D.; Goldman, Lynn R.

doi:10.1006/enrs.1995.1007

Cited by 55 publications

(55 citation statements)

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“…Pb is a good example.`P ica'' consuming children ingest dust and soil at an average of rate of 10 g /day (Environmental Protection Agency, 1997). Pb content in house dust and soil is enriched by degrading Pb paint and proximity to heavily used streets and roads (Gulson et al, 1994;Elhelu et al, 1995;Lanphear et al, 1995;Sutton et al, 1995;Lemus et al, 1996;Madany et al, 1996;Emond et al, 1997;Lee et al, 1997;Rust et al, 1997). These studies indicate that soil and dust concentrations range from nondetectable to the milligram per gram range in contaminated areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Evaluations of primary metals from NHEXAS Arizona: distributions and preliminary exposures

O'Rourke

Water

Jin

et al. 1999

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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NHEXAS AZ is a multimedia, multipathway exposure assessment survey designed to evaluate metals and other analytes. This paper reports the analytespecific concentration distributions in each of the media examined (air, soil, house dust, food, beverage, and water), for various methodologies used (inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy and hydride generation-atomic absorption spectroscopy). Results are reported for the five primary metals (Pb, As, Cd, Cr, and Ni). Ingestion was the most important pathway of exposure. Metal concentrations in air were very low (ng / m 3 ) and found only above the 90th percentile. Metals were commonly found in house dust and soil. Exposure transfer coefficients minimize the importance of this component for those over the age of 6 years. When ranked by exposure, food, beverage, and water appeared to be the primary contributors of metal exposure in NHEXAS AZ. For instance, at the 90th percentile, Pb was undetected in air, found at 131 and 118 g / m 3 in floor dust and soil, respectively, and measured at 16 g / kg in food, 7.1 g / kg in beverage, and 2.0 and 1.3 g / l in drinking and tap water, respectively. We calculated preliminary estimates of total exposure (g /day) for each participant and examined them independently by age, gender, and ethnicity as reported by the subjects in the NHEXAS questionnaire. At the 90th percentile for Pb, total exposures were 64 g /day across all subjects (n =176); adult men (n = 55) had the greatest exposure (73 g /day) and children (n =35) the least (37 g /day). Hispanics (n = 54) had greater exposure to Pb (68 g /day) than non-Hispanics (n =119; 50 g /day), whereas non-Hispanics had greater exposure for all other metals reported. These results have implications related to environmental justice. The NHEXAS project provides information to make informed decisions for protecting and promoting appropriate public health policy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Evaluations of primary metals from NHEXAS Arizona: distributions and preliminary exposures

O'Rourke

Water

Jin

et al. 1999

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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show abstract

“…This is an important result since dust lead loading has been demonstrated to be a better predictor of blood lead levels in young children in New York than dust lead concentration (Lanphear et al, 1995). In a previous investigation of dust lead loading in California, age of housing, interior and exterior paint levels, and soil lead levels had little ability to explain dust lead levels (Sutton et al, 1995). However, the Sutton et al study used a different dust collection technique than this study or the one by Lanphear et al (1995) study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Factors associated with dust lead include traffic density, building age, exterior construction material, condition of housing, lead industry in the community, home renovation, and lead occupation (Archer and Barratt, 1976;Clark et al, 1985;Fergusson and Schroeder, 1985;Schwar and Alexander, 1988;Hertzman et al, 1991;Rinehart and Yanagisawa, 1993;Sutton et al, 1995). Lead levels in soil have been associated with traffic levels, lead industries, and exterior leadbased paints (ATSDR, 1990;HUD, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Validation of a Self-Administered Lead Exposure Questionnaire among Suburban Teenagers

Hoppin¹,

Elreedy²,

Ryan

1997

Environmental Research

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“…Further studies in the U.K. found that 50% of the daily Pb intake of 2-year-old urban children occurs by ingestion of house dust through normal, hand-to-mouth activities (Thornton et al, 1994). Such findings triggered a large research effort into residential exposures to Pb, advantages and disadvantages of various indoor sampling approaches, and abatement technologies (see Lanphear et al, 1998;Adgate et al, 1998;Sutton et al, 1995;Mushak, 1998 and references cited therein), and application of stable Pb isotope analysis for identification of sources and exposure pathways (Gulson et al, 1994;Gulson et al, 1995;Rabinowitz, 1995;Maddaloni et al, 1998;Manton et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elements and Their Compounds in Indoor Environments

Rasmussen¹

2004

Elements and Their Compounds in the Environment

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Lead Levels in the Household Environment of Children in 3 High-Risk Communities in California

Cited by 55 publications

References 0 publications

Evaluations of primary metals from NHEXAS Arizona: distributions and preliminary exposures

Evaluations of primary metals from NHEXAS Arizona: distributions and preliminary exposures

Validation of a Self-Administered Lead Exposure Questionnaire among Suburban Teenagers

Elements and Their Compounds in Indoor Environments

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