Lead isotopes of the carbonate-hosted Kabwe, Tsumeb, and Kipushi Pb-Zn-Cu sulphide deposits in relation to Pan African orogenesis in the Damaran-Lufilian Fold Belt of Central Africa

Kamona, A.F.; Lévêque, Jean-Luc; Friedrich, G.; Haack, U.

doi:10.1007/s001260050203

Cited by 87 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…This metamorphic age of the Fish River Subgroup molasse supports the observation that its trace fossils are of pre-trilobite Cambrian age (Geyer 2005). Falling within this group of ages is the Pb-Pb age of 530 ± 11 Ma for the largely post-tectonic mineralization of the Tsumeb polymetallic pipe (Kamona et al 1999). Giving confidence to the 535 Ma age of Damaran M 2 metamorphism is the Rb-Sr wholerock age of 527 ±3 Ma for the Donkerhuk Granite (Haack and Gohn 1988), which is post M 2 (Sawyer 1981).…”

Section: Peak M 2 Metamorphismsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Most of the carbonate-hosted base metal deposits in the Otavi and Katangan successions were strongly oxidized during the Cretaceous African Erosion Cycle and during the Tertiary, at which time they developed vanadium-bearing supergene caps and supergene facies in deep-penetrating shear zones (Innes and Chaplin 1986;Lombaard et al 1986;Kamona et al 1999;Kamona and Friedrich 2007). The end-Cretaceous, African Erosion Cycle regolith is preserved beneath and protected by a continuous sheet of massive, unevenly layered groundwater calcrete from north of Kamanjab to the Opuwo area (Fig.…”

Section: Cretaceous -Tertiary Modificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative Stratigraphic and Geochronological Evolution of the Northern Damara Supergroup in Namibia and the Katanga Supergroup in the Lufilian Arc of Central Africa

Miller

2013

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The Damara Supergroup in Namibia and the Katanga Supergroup in the Central African Copperbelt (some 1000 km apart) are characterized by rock successions indicative of almost coeval orogenic evolution through phases of intracontinental rifting, spreading, continental rupture, subduction, ocean closure and continental collision in what appears to have been a single, elongate orogenic belt. Rifting began at about 880 Ma and lasted until about 800 or 756 Ma. Post-rift thermal sag and marine transgression produced the first correlatable stratigraphic units, the argillaceous Beesvlakte and Ore Shale Formations, in northern, carbonate-dominated platformal successions on the Damaran Northern Platform and the Katangan Lufilian Arc or Fold Belt, respectively. Sturtian (~735 Ma) and Marinoan (635 Ma) glacial units are common to both successions as well as syntectonic molasse sequences (~595–550 Ma). Continental collision occurred at about 542 Ma and the post-tectonic peak of regional metamorphism was at about 535–530 Ma. Mineral ages record cooling to about 460 Ma. The extensive occurrence of stratabound, but not stratiform, copper mineralization, evaporitic minerals, salt and thrust tectonics, syntectonic breccias, and intense alteration in the Lufilian Arc have no significant equivalents in the Northern Platform. However, the Beesvlakte Formation has both concordant and strongly discordant styles of copper mineralization and the mode of occurrence of mineralization in the Copperbelt can be a guide to exploration in Namibia.SOMMAIRELe Supergroupe de Damara en Namibie et le Supergroupe de Katanga de la bande cuprifère d’Afrique centrale (distant de 1 000 km) sont caractérisés par des successions de roches montrant une évolution orogénique presque contemporaines dans leurs phases de distension intracontinentale, d’expansion, de rupture continentale, de subduction, de fermeture océanique et de collision continentale, dans ce qui semble avoir été une seule et même bande orogénique étroite. La distension a débutée il y a environ 880 Ma et s’est prolongé jusqu’à 800 Ma ou 756 Ma. Le fléchissement thermique post-distension et la transgression marine ont donné les premières unités stratigraphiques corrélables, soit la Formation argileuse de Beesvlakte et la Formation de Ore Shale, de la portion nord des successions de plateforme principalement carbonatées sur la Plateforme nord de Damaran et de l’Arc ou de la bande plissée de Katangan Lufilian respectivement. Les unités glaciaires de Sturtian (~735 Ma) et de Marinoan (635 Ma) sont communes aux deux successions, tout comme les séquences de molasses syntectoniques (~595–550 Ma). La collision continentale s’est produite il y a environ 542 Ma et le pic post-tectonique de métamorphisme régional a eu lieu il y a environ 535 à 530 Ma. Selon les datations minérales, le refroidissement s’est produit il y a environ 460 Ma. La prépondérance du contexte stratoïde plutôt que stratiforme des minéralisations de cuivre, des minéraux d’évaporites, de sel et de tectonique de compression, de brèches syntectoniques, et d’altération intense dans l’Arc de Lufilian, n’a pas d’équivalent dans la plateforme du nord. Cependant, la Formation de Beesvlakte présente des minéralisations de cuivre qui sont ou concordantes, ou fortement discordantes, et le mode d’occurrence de la minéralisation dans le bande cuprifère peut servir de guide à l’exploration en Namibie.

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Section: Peak M 2 Metamorphismsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Cretaceous -Tertiary Modificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Stratigraphic and Geochronological Evolution of the Northern Damara Supergroup in Namibia and the Katanga Supergroup in the Lufilian Arc of Central Africa

Miller

2013

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“…Various contrasting models have been proposed for the genesis of the Kipushi deposit. Using structural criteria, Kampunzu et al (1998) Walraven and Chabu (1994) and Kamona et al (1999) interpreted galena Pb-Pb model ages of 454±14 and 456±18 Ma to reflect the age of mineralization at Kipushi, in agreement with U-Pb zircon ages in the range of 458-427 Ma for syenites located farther south. Kamona et al (1999) suspected a significant mantle component in the Kipushi ore lead.…”

Section: Geologymentioning

confidence: 82%

“…The orebody has been traced from surface down to the 1,800-m level and it is open at depth. Zn-Cu-Pb sulfide mineralization is interpreted to be mostly epigenetic and forms (1) Kamona et al 1999) to both sides of the boundary between the upper and lower Kundelungu Group. Sphalerite, Ag-bearing bornite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, galena, and arsenopyrite are the principal ore minerals whereas a number of rare sulfosalts and sulfides including gallite and molybdenite occur in trace amounts.…”

Section: Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Concordant ages for the giant Kipushi base metal deposit (DR Congo) from direct Rb–Sr and Re–Os dating of sulfides

2007

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We report concordant ages of 451.1±6.0 and 450.5±3.4 Ma from direct Rb-Sr and Re-Os isochron dating, respectively, of ore-stage Zn-Cu-Ge sulfides, including sphalerite for the giant carbonate-hosted Kipushi base metal (+Ge) deposit in the Neoproterozoic Lufilian Arc, DR Congo. This is the first example of a world-class sulfide deposit being directly dated by two independent isotopic methods. The 451 Ma age for Kipushi suggests that the ore-forming solutions did not evolve from metamorphogenic fluids mobilized syntectonically during the Pan-African-Lufilian orogeny but rather were generated in a Late Ordovician postorogenic, extensional setting. The homogeneous Pb isotopic composition of the sulfides indicates that both Cu-Ge-and Zn-rich orebodies of the Kipushi deposit formed contemporaneously from the same fluid system. The sulfide Pb isotope signatures in combination with initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and 187 Os/ 188 Os ratios defined by the isochrons point to metal sources located in the (upper) crust. The concordant Re-Os and Rb-Sr ages obtained in this study provide independent proof of the geological significance of direct Rb-Sr dating of sphalerite.

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“…In addition, the data shows several isotopic domains that suggest mixing between at least three end members with distinct isotope ratios such as different sedimentary layers and basement rocks (Deloule et al, 1986). Sulphides from the Zn-Pb orebodies in southern and central Africa show small variations in their Pb isotopic compositions with values typical of the upper continental crust (Hughes et al, 1984;Kamona et al, 1999).…”

Section: Mvt Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbonate-Hosted Base Metal Deposits

Kamona¹

2011

Earth and Environmental Sciences

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Lead isotopes of the carbonate-hosted Kabwe, Tsumeb, and Kipushi Pb-Zn-Cu sulphide deposits in relation to Pan African orogenesis in the Damaran-Lufilian Fold Belt of Central Africa

Cited by 87 publications

References 37 publications

Comparative Stratigraphic and Geochronological Evolution of the Northern Damara Supergroup in Namibia and the Katanga Supergroup in the Lufilian Arc of Central Africa

Comparative Stratigraphic and Geochronological Evolution of the Northern Damara Supergroup in Namibia and the Katanga Supergroup in the Lufilian Arc of Central Africa

Concordant ages for the giant Kipushi base metal deposit (DR Congo) from direct Rb–Sr and Re–Os dating of sulfides

Carbonate-Hosted Base Metal Deposits

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