Lead in sweat and its relationship to salivary and urinary levels in normal healthy subjects1

Omokhodion, Folashade O.; Crockford, G. W.

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(91)90137-4

Cited by 52 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…14 Similar findings have been reported in other non-occupational populations [52][53][54][55] and in more recent epidemiological community studies in Thailand and Mexico. 56 57 Moreover, blood contamination of saliva during sampling can spuriously raise salivary lead levels because the lead level in whole blood is 2-6 times higher than that in saliva.…”

Section: Salivary Leadsupporting

confidence: 78%

The use of salivary biomarkers in occupational and environmental medicine

Koh

2007

Occup Environ Med

116

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Section: Salivary Leadsupporting

confidence: 78%

The use of salivary biomarkers in occupational and environmental medicine

Koh

2007

Occup Environ Med

116

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“…Some data suggest an association between Pb levels in saliva and those in either plasma or blood (Omokhodion and Crockford 1991; Pan 1981). Moreover, it has been argued that Pb in saliva is the direct excretion of the Pb fraction in diffusible plasma namely, the fraction not bound to proteins) (Omokhodion and Crockford 1991).…”

Section: Saliva Leadmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, it has been argued that Pb in saliva is the direct excretion of the Pb fraction in diffusible plasma namely, the fraction not bound to proteins) (Omokhodion and Crockford 1991). Despite the associations reported in the literature, the older saliva Pb concentrations are quite high, and the values vary among studies.…”

Section: Saliva Leadmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Biomarkers Used for Monitoring Human Exposure to Lead: Advantages, Limitations, and Future Needs

Barbosa

Tanus‐Santos

Gerlach

et al. 2005

Environ Health Perspect

635

322

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Lead concentration in whole blood (BPb) is the primary biomarker used to monitor exposure to this metallic element. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization define a BPb of 10 μg/dL (0.48 μmol/L) as the threshold of concern in young children. However, recent studies have reported the possibility of adverse health effects, including intellectual impairment in young children, at BPb levels < 10 μg/dL, suggesting that there is no safe level of exposure. It appears impossible to differentiate between low-level chronic Pb exposure and a high-level short Pb exposure based on a single BPb measurement; therefore, serial BPb measurements offer a better estimation of possible health outcomes. The difficulty in assessing the exact nature of Pb exposure is dependent not so much on problems with current analytical methodologies, but rather on the complex toxicokinetics of Pb within various body compartments (i.e., cycling of Pb between bone, blood, and soft tissues). If we are to differentiate more effectively between Pb stored in the body for years and Pb from recent exposure, information on other biomarkers of exposure may be needed. None of the current biomarkers of internal Pb dose have yet been accepted by the scientific community as a reliable substitute for a BPb measurement. This review focuses on the limitations of biomarkers of Pb exposure and the need to improve the accuracy of their measurement. We present here only the traditional analytical protocols in current use, and we attempt to assess the influence of confounding variables on BPb levels. Finally, we discuss the interpretation of BPb data with respect to both external and endogenous Pb exposure, past or recent exposure, as well as the significance of Pb determinations in human specimens including hair, nails, saliva, bone, blood (plasma, whole blood), urine, feces, and exfoliated teeth.

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“…A study 3 of 24 normal subjects with BPb levels of 6-14 µg/dl showed a poor and negative correlation with SPb levels (r = −0.186). Another study of nine children with BPb levels of 20-60 µg/dl, also showed a weak correlation (r = 0.07) between BPb and SPb.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Can salivary lead be used for biological monitoring of lead exposed individuals?: Figure 1

Koh

Ng²,

Chua³

et al. 2003

Occup Environ Med

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Background: Measurement of blood lead (BPb) is the usual method for biomonitoring of persons exposed to inorganic lead. Aim: To explore the use of salivary lead (SPb) as an alternative. Methods: BPb and SPb levels were measured in a group of 82 lead exposed adults. Results: The mean BPb of the workers was 26.6 µg/dl (SD 8.6, range 10-48) and the mean SPb level 0.77 µg/dl, or 3% of the BPb level. As the SPb distribution was skewed, logarithmic transformation was performed to normalise the distribution. A bivariate scattergram of BPb and logSPb (r = 0.41, p = 0.00) had a line of best fit expressed as BPb = 29.7 + 8.95logSPb. The relation of logSPb and BPb was stronger among non-smokers (r = 0.42) compared to smokers (r = 0.3); and among those without a medical condition (r = 0.44). Multiple linear regression analysis (fitting smoking and medical condition into the model) yielded an R of 0.54, and an adjusted R 2 of 0.26. Conclusion: The study findings do not support the use of SPb for biomonitoring at BPb levels ranging from 10 to 50 µg/dl.

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Lead in sweat and its relationship to salivary and urinary levels in normal healthy subjects1

Cited by 52 publications

References 12 publications

The use of salivary biomarkers in occupational and environmental medicine

The use of salivary biomarkers in occupational and environmental medicine

A Critical Review of Biomarkers Used for Monitoring Human Exposure to Lead: Advantages, Limitations, and Future Needs

Can salivary lead be used for biological monitoring of lead exposed individuals?: Figure 1

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