Lead in soil and vegetables in a glazed ceramic production area: A risk assessment

Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead Levels in School Meals and Their Risk Assessment in Municipalities in Bahia, Brazil

“…The exposure assessment in this study is based on possible adverse effects on human health (non-cancerous) due to exposure to As, Cd, and Pb resulting from the consumption of the food served, based on the calculation of the risk quotient (RQ) [17,29,30] from Equation (1):…”

“…In these scenarios, the duration of exposure (ED) corresponded to the time that the students must remain in school, the average daily intake (FIR) corresponded to the median weight of the food obtained in the schools in the two school semesters, the frequency of exposure (Ef ) considered the number of school days during 2019 (202 days), and the body weight (Wab) used was the median of that reported in the SOF (2008-2009) [34]. There is no reference dose (maximum acceptable limit) for oral Pb, so 4 × 10 −3 µg•kg −1 was adopted, as followed in other studies [17,30].…”

Health risk assessment of lead on preschool children in a typical heavy metal polluted area

“…Pb is a ubiquitous toxic metal in the environment, and it is non-biodegradable and has no physiological function in living organisms (Gomes-Júnior et al 2020, Malavolti et al 2020. It has been reported to have non-carcinogenic and oral carcinogenic health risk (Jiang et al 2017, Kan et al 2021.…”

“…Researches have shown that heavy metals accumulate in vegetables and grains through contaminated soil, water and air, and then reach the human body through the food chain, posing health risk to human (Bravo et al 2017. At present, there are many studies on health risk assessment of Pb exposure, but most of them have reported Pb exposure through food intake (Fathabad et al 2018, Jafari et al 2018, Pan et al 2016, Zhang et al 2021b, and some studies have also considered the health exposure from a single medium, such as water, soil and vegetables (Gomes-Júnior et al 2020, Jiang et al 2021, Kharazi et al 2021, Tong et al 2018. Few researches have considered the combined effects of exposure through various pathways and media on health.…”

“…Children are more susceptible to environmental pollutants due to their physiological characteristics such as their "hand to mouth" behavior, high digestion rate and imperfect blood-brain barrier (Gomes-Júnior et al 2020, Jiang et al 2017. In addition, studies have found that Pb can damage children's nervous systems and can cause problems such as low IQ and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Heusinkveld et al 2021, Perez-Fernandez et al 2019.…”