“…There is controversy concerning the direction of change of renal function parameters following chronic lead intoxication. Chronic exposure to high BLL leads to adverse effects on renal function and the hematopoietic system in both animals and humans (Odigie, et al, 2004;Elwood and Gallacher, 1984). Others concluded that Chronic lead exposure causes hypertension, abnormal changes in lipid profile, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, which are associated with, and, in part, due to oxidative stress (Zhenmin, et al, 2004;Lynda, et al, 2011).…”