Lead Hazards for Pregnant Women and Children: Part 1

Cleveland, Lisa M.; Minter, Monica L.; Cobb, Kathleen A.; Scott, Anthony A.; German, Victor F.

doi:10.1097/01.naj.0000337736.76730.66

Cited by 77 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…Children, especially younger children, are at greatest risk for elevated BLLs. Some studies have demonstrated that children appear to have approximately four to five times higher lead absorption than adults [ 10 ], and the detoxification capability of lead in adults was three times higher than in children [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Lead Levels in Children Aged 0–6 Years Old in Hunan Province, China from 2009–2013

Qiu

Wang

et al. 2015

PLoS ONE

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ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to describe blood lead levels (BLLs) and the prevalence of elevated blood lead levels (EBLLs) in children aged 0–6 years old and to analyze the BLL trend in children from 2009 to 2013 in China.MethodsA total of 124,376 children aged 0–6 years old were recruited for this study from January 1st 2009 to December 31st 2013. Their blood lead levels were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry.ResultsThe median BLL was 64.3 μg/L (IQR: 49.6–81.0), and the range was 4.3–799.0 μg/L. Blood lead levels were significantly higher in boys (66.0 μg/L) than in girls (61.9 μg/L) (P<0.001). The overall prevalence of BLLs≥100 μg/L was 10.54% in children aged 0–6 years in Hunan Province. Between 2009 and 2013, the prevalence of EBLLs (≥100 μg/L) decreased from 18.31% to 4.26% in children aged 0–6 years and increased with age. The prevalence of EBLLs has dramatically decreased in two stages (2009–2010 and 2012–2013), with a slight fluctuation in 2010 and 2011.ConclusionsBoth BLLs and the prevalence of EBLLs in children aged 0–6 years old declined substantially from 2009 to 2013 in Hunan Province; however, both remain at unacceptably high levels compared to developed countries. Comprehensive strategies are required to further reduce blood lead levels in children.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Lead Levels in Children Aged 0–6 Years Old in Hunan Province, China from 2009–2013

Qiu

Wang

et al. 2015

PLoS ONE

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“…Lead is a naturally occurring element in the environment but has no known biological role within the human body. Uncommon sources of inadvertent human lead exposure include imported foods, Ayurvedic medications, household items, and toys [1,2].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lead oxide glaze, known as Bgreta,^is commonly used in the manufacture of ceramic cooking vessels in Hispanic communities; use of imported lead-glazed ceramic dishes has been recognized as a risk factor for lead toxicity in Hispanic populations [6]. Over time, lead may leach out of pottery glazes; acidity and heat may increase the risk of this occurrence [1,6]. In our case, the acidity of the lemon and the heat of the water used from the patient's instant hot water tap likely increased the rate of glaze breakdown and leaching from the ceramic mug, leading to lead exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unintentional and Sequential Lead Exposure from a Ceramic Mug and Maca (Lepidium meyenii)

Johnson‐Arbor

Wong

et al. 2018

J. Med. Toxicol.

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Although the incidence of lead poisoning has decreased in the USA over the last 30 years, human exposures to lead-containing products are still reported. We present a case of unintentional lead exposure from a store-bought ceramic mug and a nutritional supplement. A 32-year-old female was found to have a whole blood lead concentration of 44 μg/dL. Evaluation of her home, occupation, and hobbies initially did not identify a source of lead exposure. Further investigation revealed that the likely etiology of the exposure was lead leaching from a ceramic mug used by the patient to drink hot lemon water while she was pregnant. She stopped drinking from the mug and her blood lead levels decreased, but increased a year later after she began to ingest a maca root powder supplement. Upon discontinuation of maca root powder ingestion, her blood lead levels decreased further. Over time, the acidity and heat of the hot lemon water used in the ceramic mug enhanced the breakdown of its leaded glaze. Maca powder, which is available as a nutritional supplement and is used to treat fatigue and enhance fertility, may contain lead and other minerals. Consumers, particularly women of childbearing age, and their physicians should be aware that imported products available from commercial retailers and internet vendors may contain significant amounts of lead.

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“…A pregnant woman's elevated blood lead level can lead to miscarriage, prematurity, low birth weight, and problems with development during childhood 11 . Lead induces disturbances in the development of different types of WBCs during postnatal development and lead to an abrupt neutrophilic degeneration, immature cells, abnormal neutrophils, reactive and plasmacytoid lymphocytes 12 .…”

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confidence: 99%

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2013

IJPSR

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The current investigation was carried out to study the hematopathological changes in the developing red blood cells of neonate of Swiss albino mice exposed with lead acetate and vitamins. Methods: Lead acetate was administered orally at 8, 16, 32 mg /kg/BW to selected pregnant females from 10th day of gestation to 21 st day of lactation. Vitamin C (166 mg/kg BW) and vitamin E (133mg/kg BW) individually and in combination with lead were also administered from 10 th day during the same period. Hematopathological alterations in the RBCs were examined in neonates after birth at postnatal days 1, 7, 14 and 21. Results: The examination of blood smears demonstrated that lead exposure during gestation and lactation led to various hematological disorders in red blood cells of neonates and abnormal types of RBCs like schistocytes, stomatocytes, codocytes, echinocytes with prominent hypochromasia, anisocytosis, macrocytosis etc. were also noticeable. The antioxidants vitamin C and E also induced structural abnormalities independently and also with co-administration of lead in developing RBCs in forms of dacrocytes, elliptocytes and other atypical forms. Conclusion: Lead may interfere in heme biosynthesis apparently characterized by several enzyme blockades and exerts the negative effect on hematopoietic system and give rise to abnormal blood cells. This study clearly demonstrates that gestational and lactational exposure to lead is extremely hazardous in causing alterations in the neonatal peripheral red blood cells. Vitamins supplementation also induces negative influence during this highly susceptible period. INTRODUCTION: Lead intoxication is a complex disorder that affects several cells and organs, including functional and structural alteration of erythrocytes 1 .

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Lead Hazards for Pregnant Women and Children: Part 1

Cited by 77 publications

References 38 publications

Blood Lead Levels in Children Aged 0–6 Years Old in Hunan Province, China from 2009–2013

Blood Lead Levels in Children Aged 0–6 Years Old in Hunan Province, China from 2009–2013

Unintentional and Sequential Lead Exposure from a Ceramic Mug and Maca (Lepidium meyenii)

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