Lead Hazards for Pregnant Women and Children: Part 2: More can still be done to reduce the chance of exposure to lead in at-risk populations.

Cleveland, Lisa M.; Minter, Monica L.; Cobb, Kathleen A.; Scott, Anthony A.; German, Victor F.

doi:10.1097/00000446-200811000-00025

Cited by 15 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…6, 32 Nutritional supplements such as calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin C and protein may decrease absorption of ingested lead in children. [33][34][35] Moreover, chelation therapy is recommended in subjects with a BLL >45 µg/dL. Succimer (dimercaptosuccinic acid) is an oral chelating agent and calcium disodium edentate (calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) can be given by continuous intravenous infusion in high BLL cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Lead Levels in Children Living Near an Informal Lead Battery Recycling Workshop in Patna, Bihar

Ansari

Mahdi

Malik³

et al. 2020

Journal of Health and Pollution

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Background. Lead can cause significant biological and neurologic damage, even at small concentrations, and young children are at higher risk. Informal recycling of lead batteries and lead-based workshops/industries have increased the burden of lead toxicity in developing countries, including India. Many informal recycling lead battery workshops have been established by the local people of Patna, Bihar as self-employment opportunities. However, most of the residents are not aware of the risk factors associated with lead poisoning. Objectives. The present pilot study aimed to assess blood lead levels (BLLs) and hemoglobin levels among children aged between 3 to 12 years in the settlement of Karmalichak near Patna, India. Materials and Methods. Children residing near the informal lead battery manufacturing unit were selected for BLL assessment. A total of 41 children were enrolled in the questionnairebased survey. Results. All the children in the present study had detectable lead concentrations in their blood. Only 9% of the studied children had a BLL ≤5 µg/dl, while 91% children had a BLL above >5 µg/dl. Conclusions. The present study carried out in children of Karmalichak region of Patna, India was an attempt to better understand the problem of lead toxicity, describe the epidemiology of its adverse effects, identify sources and routes of exposure, illustrate the clinical effects and develop strategies of prevention so that remedial measures may be taken by government agencies and regulatory bodies. In view of the high lead levels in children in the study area, attempts are being made to develop strategies for future prevention by relocating the informal battery recycling workshops from the area. Moreover, parents have been advised to increase nutritional supplementation of children by providing calcium-, iron-and zinc-rich foods, including milk and vegetables.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Lead Levels in Children Living Near an Informal Lead Battery Recycling Workshop in Patna, Bihar

Ansari

Mahdi

Malik³

et al. 2020

Journal of Health and Pollution

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“…The CDC questionnaire collected information on housing features (e.g., regularly live or visit a house built prior to 1960 with peeling or chipped paint, renovations or remodeling that generates a lot of dust, proximity to an active lead smelter or facility that is likely to release lead), previous treatment or observations for lead poisoning among children or housemates, and jobs or hobbies that use lead or lead products among adults living in the household [2, 19]. Although the questionnaire was originally designed to be completed by parents about their children’s exposure, the reported sensitivity (75.7%) and negative predictive value (93.1%) for use in pregnant women were comparable to its reported accuracy in young children [1].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources of Potential Lead Exposure Among Pregnant Women in New Mexico

Bakhireva

Rowland

Young

et al. 2012

Matern Child Health J

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The objectives of this study were to ascertain the prevalence and potential sources of lead exposure among pregnant women residing in a socially-disadvantaged immigrant community in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Pregnant women (n = 140) receiving prenatal care through a community clinic participated in a structured interview and screening to measure their blood lead levels (BLLs). Potential sources of lead exposure were ascertained by the CDC and New Mexico Department of Health questionnaires. Self-reported risk factors were examined as predictors of BLLs using multiple linear regression and partial least squares discriminant analysis. Most patients were Spanish-speaking (88.6%), Latina (95%), foreign-born (87.1%), lacked health insurance (86.4%), and had a high school education or lower (84.3%). While risk factors were prevalent in this population, only three women (2.1%) had BLLs ≥3 μg/dL. Results of multivariate analyses demonstrated that pica symptoms in pregnancy, history of elevated BLLs before pregnancy, use of non-commercial pottery, and living in older houses were important predictors of elevated BLLs. Although the prevalence of other risk factors relevant to immigrant communities (i.e., use of traditional/folk remedies and cosmetics, seasonings and food products from Mexico) was high, they were not predictive of elevated BLLs. Clinics providing prenatal care to immigrant Hispanic communities should carefully assess patients’ pica symptoms, use of non-commercial pottery, and a history of elevated BLLs. Moreover, additional efforts need to focus on the development of screening questionnaires which better reflect exposures of concern in this population.

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“…Once a child has been identified as having an elevated blood lead level, isolating the source of the lead exposure is the number one priority, followed by containment of said source (Cleveland et al, 2008b). If the source of lead exposure cannot be removed, a process called encapsulation can be used to prevent lead from entering the environment (Cleveland et al, 2008b). Lead abatement and encapsulation must be performed by certified lead abatement contractors (Chandran & Cataldo, 2010).…”

Section: Abatement and Removal Of Leadmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Children with a diet deficient in calcium are also at risk for increased lead absorption as calcium is known to inhibit the absorption of lead (Cecil & Lindquist, 2011;Chandran & Cataldo, 2010). Calcium deficiency also mobilizes lead stores in bone, which increases blood lead levels (Cecil & Lindquist, 2011;Cleveland et al, 2008b). Adequate intake of calcium, as well as iron, and vitamin C, can specifically decrease absorption of ingested lead in children (ACCLPP, 2012;Cleveland et al, 2008b).…”

Section: Nutritional Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Calcium deficiency also mobilizes lead stores in bone, which increases blood lead levels (Cecil & Lindquist, 2011;Cleveland et al, 2008b). Adequate intake of calcium, as well as iron, and vitamin C, can specifically decrease absorption of ingested lead in children (ACCLPP, 2012;Cleveland et al, 2008b). Diets deficient in zinc and protein have also been implicated in enhancing absorption of ingested lead (Cecil & Lindquist, 2011;Chandran & Cataldo, 2010;Cleveland et al, 2008b).…”

Section: Nutritional Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Childhood lead poisoning and the new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for lead exposure

Schnur

John

2014

Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners

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Purpose This article will give a brief history, review the latest guidelines, discuss risk factors and sources, and discuss screening, diagnosis, and management of lead poisoning in children. Additionally, the role of the nurse practitioner (NP) caring for children will be reviewed. Data sources Review of published literature on lead poisoning and the 2012 lead prevention guidelines of the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention (ACCLPP) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Conclusions While lead poisoning levels have decreased over the past several decades, newer research has shown that even low levels of lead in the blood can have negative effects on children's intelligence and neurodevelopment. As a result, ACCLPP of the CDC issued new, stricter lead prevention guidelines in 2012. Implications for practice Lead exposure and lead poisoning are pediatric public health risks. Studies have shown that no level of lead is considered safe, and the emphasis has shifted to primary prevention of lead exposure. Despite the focus on primary prevention, the NP must remain vigilant in history taking, exploring risk factors, and screening children in order to assure the best possible outcome.

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Lead Hazards for Pregnant Women and Children: Part 2: More can still be done to reduce the chance of exposure to lead in at-risk populations.

Cited by 15 publications

References 12 publications

Blood Lead Levels in Children Living Near an Informal Lead Battery Recycling Workshop in Patna, Bihar

Blood Lead Levels in Children Living Near an Informal Lead Battery Recycling Workshop in Patna, Bihar

Sources of Potential Lead Exposure Among Pregnant Women in New Mexico

Childhood lead poisoning and the new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for lead exposure

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