Lead-free halide perovskites: a review of the structure–property relationship and applications in light emitting devices and radiation detectors

Abstract

Lead-free perovskites have recently been successfully applied in radiation detection and light emitting devices.

Perovskite fiber-shaped optoelectronic devices for wearable applications

“…210 The synthesis of Pb-free and environmentally acceptable perovskite alternative materials has become a prime objective. 211 To mitigate the toxicity of Pb in perovskites but simultaneously retain the photovoltaic competitiveness of this new class of photoactive materials, the concept of replacing Pb 2+ with less toxic cations that have similar outer shell electron configurations and relatively close ionic radii to that of Pb, such as Sn 2+ , Ge 2+ , Bi 3+ , Sb 3+ , and Sr 2+ has been considered and investigated. 212,213 The ionic radius of strontium is very close to that of lead, as presented in Table 5, and both metals exist in a valence state of +2.…”

Cs2AgxNa1−xBiyIn1−yCl6 perovskites approaching photoluminescence quantum yields of 100%

“…The tremendous progress in the field of light conversion using lead-halide perovskite compounds achieved within an unprecedentedly short time period [1][2][3][4] stimulated a massive advancement in many related areas, including exploration of tandem perovskite-based photovoltaic materials 1,2,[4][5][6] , search for low-dimensional (2D, 0D) forms of halide perovskite absorbers 1,4,5,[7][8][9][10][11][12] , as well as attempts to develop lead-free perovskite compounds with light harvesting properties comparable with those of lead-halide perovskites 1,3,4,8,[12][13][14][15][16] . The latter research direction highlighted many promising compounds, either directly stemming from lead-based ancestors, such as tin-halide perovskites 3,8,[12][13][14][15][16] , or those belonging to a family of double-cation perovskites A I M I M III X 6 , where A is an alkali cation, X is a halide, and the couple of M I and M III represents an isovalent substitution of two Pb II cations in the lead-halide (APbX 3 ) 2 perovskite structure 3,8,[12][13][14][15][16] . The double lead-free compounds combine the variability of A and X sites typical for APbX 3 compounds with new pos...…”

“…In particular, candidates for M I and M III sites can be selected from M I = Na + , K + , Ag + , Tl + , Au + , etc. and M III = In 3+ , Bi 3+ , Sb 3+ , Fe 3+ , Au 3+ , etc., varied independently, and together with A I and X components yield many thousands of possible compositions 3,8,[12][13][14][15][16] . Among the double halide perovskites, compounds based on Bi III and In III with a general formula Cs 2 Ag x Na 1-x Bi y In 1-y Cl 6 (abbreviated as CANBIC by the first letters of the elements) occupy an outstanding position due to a combination of the compositional variability, stability, and promising lightconversion properties, in particular, highly efficient broadband photoluminescence (PL) 12,13,15, .…”

A-Site Mixing to Adjust the Photovoltaic Performance of a Double-Cation Perovskite: It Is Not Always the Simple Way

“…35,36 However, despite the advancements in the field discussed above, a deep understanding of the structure− property relationships of hybrid organic−inorganic perovskite materials is lacking, which limits the further development of hybrid perovskite materials with a wide range of functionalities. 37,38 In particular, no conclusive experimental evidence has been reported that discloses the dynamic interplay between the organic cations and the surrounding inorganic lattice, including hybrid perovskite materials subject to A-site doping. These issues are addressed in this work by combining the results of several experimental characterization methods for three-dimensional (3D) double-cation MA 1−x DMA x PbBr 3 perovskite single crystals with varying values of x in the range of 0−1.…”

“…This enhancement has been mainly attributed to the changes in the inorganic lattice structure induced by A-site doping, such as a change in the lattice parameters, a relaxation of lattice strain, an oscillatory variation in the lattice structure, and an inducement of octahedral rotational dynamics in the lattice. − A considerable body of research has demonstrated that these indirect changes in the inorganic lattice induced by the incorporation of relatively large cations originate fundamentally from the strong coupling between the cations and the inorganic lattice facilitated by hydrogen bonds. Further theoretical analyses have revealed potential atomic-scale effects associated with charge carrier transport, coupling interactions, and cation kinetics, such as the charge-screening effect and electron–photon coupling effect. , However, despite the advancements in the field discussed above, a deep understanding of the structure–property relationships of hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite materials is lacking, which limits the further development of hybrid perovskite materials with a wide range of functionalities. , In particular, no conclusive experimental evidence has been reported that discloses the dynamic interplay between the organic cations and the surrounding inorganic lattice, including hybrid perovskite materials subject to A-site doping.…”