Lead Content and Exposure from Children’s and Adult’s Jewelry Products

Maas, Richard P.; Patch, Steven C.; Pandolfo, Tamara J.; Druhan, Jennifer L.; Gandy, N. F.

doi:10.1007/s00128-005-0605-3

Cited by 27 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…5 However, sections of the general population continue to be exposed to excessive amounts of lead, especially from lead-based paints and contaminated soil in urban settings with an older housing stock. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Additionally, lead accumulates in the body which may become biologically available long after the occupational or environmental exposure has ceased. 2,[14][15][16] Therefore, lead exposure is still a public health concern.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain cancer mortality and potential occupational exposure to lead: Findings from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study, 1979–1989

Wijngaarden

Dosemeci

2006

Intl Journal of Cancer

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We evaluated the association between potential occupational lead exposure and the risk of brain cancer mortality in the National Longitudinal Mortality Study (NLMS), which is a prospective census-based cohort study of mortality among the noninstitutionalized United States population (1979)(1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989). The present study was limited to individuals for whom occupation and industry were available (n 5 317,968). Estimates of probability and intensity of lead exposure were assigned using a job-exposure matrix (JEM). Risk estimates for the impact of lead on brain cancer mortality were computed using standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and proportional hazards and Poisson regression techniques, adjusting for the effects of age, gender and several other covariates. Brain cancer mortality rates were greater among individuals in jobs potentially involving lead exposure as compared to those unexposed (age-and gender-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 5 1.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) 5 0.9-2.3) with indications of an exposure-response trend (probability: low HR 5 0.7 (95% CI 5 0.2-2.2), medium HR 5 1.4 (95% CI 5 0.8-2.5), high HR 5 2.2 (95% CI 5 1.2-4.0); intensity: low HR 5 1.2 (95% CI 5 0.7-2.1), medium/high HR 5 1.9 (95% CI 5 1.0-3.4)). Brain cancer risk was greatest among individuals with the highest levels of probability and intensity (HR 5 2.3; 95% CI 5 1.3-4.2). These findings provide further support for an association between occupational lead exposure and brain cancer mortality, but need to be interpreted cautiously due to the consideration of brain cancer as one disease entity and the absence of biological measures of lead exposure. ' 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain cancer mortality and potential occupational exposure to lead: Findings from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study, 1979–1989

Wijngaarden

Dosemeci

2006

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…As a consequence, vinyl miniblinds should now be lead Inexpensive metallic jewelry items specifically intended for children and teenagers have been shown to contain varying levels of lead (Maas et al 2005). A total of 311 chemical assays conducted using 285 jewelry items purchased in 20 different stores in California revealed that a considerable amount of lead was added to the items, presumably to increase their weight or to impart some type of metallic coating to the surface of the item.…”

Section: Potential For Human Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mean weight percentage of lead for all 311 assays was 30.6%. Of the 311 samples tested, 169 contained at least 3% lead by weight in at least one portion of the jewelry piece and 123 of the samples were found to contain >50% lead by weight (Maas et al 2005). In addition, 62 pieces of the purchased jewelry were tested for surface levels of lead that could potentially be transferred dermally through the routine handling of these pieces.…”

Section: Potential For Human Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors characterized the potential lead exposure from these dermal transfer experiments as either low exposure (<1 μg of lead transferred to the laboratory wipe), moderate exposure (1-10 μg of lead transferred to the laboratory wipe), high exposure (10-50 μg of lead transferred to the laboratory wipe), and very high exposure (>50 μg of lead transferred to the laboratory wipe). Approximately 35% of the 62 pieces tested were characterized as having low exposure, 48% were characterized as moderate exposure, 11% were characterized as high exposure, and 5% were characterized as very high exposure (Maas et al 2005). …”

Section: Potential For Human Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE close proximity. Recent data by Maas et al (2005) indicate that high levels of lead are prevalent in inexpensive cosmetic jewelry that is sold to the general public at retail stores (see Section 6.4.5).…”

Section: Potential For Human Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterizing Golden Eagle Risk to Lead and Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure: A Review

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Total lead content and its bioaccessibility in base materials of low-cost plastic toys bought on the Beijing market

Kang

Zhu

2013

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

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The neurological hazards of lead are wellknown. Few studies have focused on lead content in plastic toys, especially in China. Therefore, this study aimed to determine total lead content in low-cost plastic toys bought in Beijing, based on the bioaccessibility (BA) of lead through an in vitro leaching method. A total of 27 of the 72 items (37.5 %) examined exceeded the American toy safety limit (100 mg/kg), but HCl extraction results showed that all the samples met the Chinese standard (\90 mg/kg). The BA of lead ranged from 0.80 to 8.86 %, with averages of 1.53 ± 0.74, 3.65 ± 1.28, 4.09 ± 1.83 and 2.62 ± 0.82 % for diluted HCl and three other leaching solutions, respectively. Our results indicated that the bioavailability risk of lead in plastic toys might be underestimated, as the HCl extraction was regulated under the standard procedures of toy safety testing. Total Pb content measurement combined with RIVM methods would be helpful in efforts to reduce children's exposure to toxic heavy metals.

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Lead Content and Exposure from Children’s and Adult’s Jewelry Products

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Brain cancer mortality and potential occupational exposure to lead: Findings from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study, 1979–1989

Brain cancer mortality and potential occupational exposure to lead: Findings from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study, 1979–1989

Characterizing Golden Eagle Risk to Lead and Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure: A Review

Total lead content and its bioaccessibility in base materials of low-cost plastic toys bought on the Beijing market

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