Lead-contaminated house dust and urban children's blood lead levels.

Lanphear, Bruce P.; Weitzman, Michael; Winter, Nancy L.; Eberly, Shirley; Yakir, Benjamin; Tanner, Martin A.; Emond, Maiy; Matte, Thomas

doi:10.2105/ajph.86.10.1416

Cited by 178 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…A parent-completed questionnaire examined the home environment and child behavioral patterns, including questions on hand and mouthing behaviors modeled after those of other studies (Lanphear et al, 1996;Freeman et al, 1997). The questionnaire items assessed: demographic characteristics; location and conditions of the home; and the child's outdoor play experiences.…”

Section: Questionnairementioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships of video assessments of touching and mouthing behaviors during outdoor play in urban residential yards to parental perceptions of child behaviors and blood lead levels

Schaefer

Vicario

et al. 2006

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Childrens' touching and mouthing behaviors during outdoor play in urban residential yards were measured using video observations. Descriptions were made of childrens' outdoor residential play environments. Behaviors assessed were used to examine (1) validity of parental responses to questions on childrens' oral behaviors and outdoor play and (2) relationships of mouthing behaviors to blood lead levels (BLLs). Thirty-seven children aged 1-5 years were recruited for 2 h of video recording in their yard and blood lead measurement. Video assessments included hourly rates of hand touches to ground/ walking-level surfaces (cement/stone/steel, porch floor/steps, grass, and bare soil) and oral behaviors. Parental questionnaires assessed their child's outdoor activities, behaviors, and home environment. The children were: mean 39 months; 51% male; 89% Hispanic; and 78% Medicaid or uninsured. Twenty-two children had a blood lead measured (mean 6 mg/dl). During taping, all children had access to cement, 92% to grass, 73% to bare soil, and 59% to an open porch. Children had frequent touching and mouthing behaviors observed (median touches/h: touches to surfaces 81; hand-to-mouth area (with and without food) 26; hand-in-mouth 7; and object-in-mouth 17). Blood lead was directly correlated with log-transformed rates of hand-in-mouth (Pearson's correlation, r ¼ 0.564, n ¼ 22, P ¼ 0.006) and object-in-mouth (Pearson's correlation, r ¼ 0.482, n ¼ 22, P ¼ 0.023) behaviors. Parental questionnaire responses did not accurately reflect childrens' observed oral behaviors, play habits, or play environment. These data confirm the direct relationship between hand-to-mouth activities and BLLs and fail to validate parental perceptions of their child's mouthing behaviors or outdoor play environment.

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Section: Questionnairementioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships of video assessments of touching and mouthing behaviors during outdoor play in urban residential yards to parental perceptions of child behaviors and blood lead levels

Schaefer

Vicario

et al. 2006

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Mouthing activities of young children may produce incidental or non -dietary ingestion of environmental contaminants. Hand -to -mouth activities such as mouthing toys and sucking fingers or thumbs are associated with elevated blood lead in young children ( Charney et al, 1980;Bellinger et al, 1986;Baghurst et al, 1992;Langphear et al, 1996;Freeman et al, 1997 ). At the same time, lead levels on children's hands are associated with blood lead levels and with lead levels in homes and playgrounds (Charney et al, 1980;Angle et al, 1984;Bornschein et al, 1985;Que Hee et al, 1985;Thornton et al, 1990 ), and positive correlations exist between lead on children's hands, lead in the environment, and blood lead levels (Angle et al, 1984;Baghurst et al, 1992;Melnyk et al, 2000 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of children's activities to lead contamination of food

Freeman

Sheldon

Jimenez³

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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This study evaluates the relationship of children's hygiene habits and food -handling behaviors on lead levels on hands and handled foods for toddlers living in lead -contaminated homes. Forty -eight inner city toddlers previously identified as having elevated blood lead levels participated in three consecutive days of designated food -handling activities. During the visits, duplicate diets were obtained, the child handled a banana, a hot dog, and had his / her hands wiped with a moist towelette. In addition, wipe samples were collected from the kitchen floor, and food items were deposited on and subsequently collected from the kitchen floor. All samples were analyzed for lead. The child's caregiver completed a questionnaire, which addressed the child's hygiene and eating behaviors. It was demonstrated that children's contact with residential dust containing lead can transfer lead to food. Both lead in the home and on the children's hands contribute to the contamination of food, and hence potential dietary exposure. Mean lead in handled bananas was 26 g / kg and on hot dogs 65 g / kg, and mean lead values on cheese and apple slices that had been on the floor were 119 and 215 g / kg. In addition, the child's hygiene habits as reported by the parent indicate that lack of basic hygiene patterns within a high lead environment can contribute to children's dietary exposure to lead.

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“…The technical analyses of the U.S. EPA were based on their mechanistic model, the Integrated Environmental Uptake and Biokinetic (IEUBK) model, as well as analyses of data from the Rochester Lead-in-Dust Study (42). Lanphear and colleagues have conducted empirical analyses suggesting that these new lower standards may be insufficient to fully address the national lead problem (43,44). For example, in the original analyses of the Rochester data, Lanphear et al estimated that 15-25% of urban children 12-31 months of age who were exposed to floor dust lead levels exceeding the new hazard standard of 40 µg/ft 2 would have BPbs ≥10 µg/dL (44).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead sources, behaviors, and socioeconomic factors in relation to blood lead of native american and white children: a community-based assessment of a former mining area.

Malcoe

Lynch

Keger

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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Lead poisoning prevention requires knowledge of lead sources and of appropriate residential lead standards. Data are severely lacking on lead sources for Native American children, many of whom live in rural areas. Further, the relation of mining waste to blood lead concentrations (BPbs) of rural children is controversial. In collaboration with the eight tribes of northeastern Oklahoma, we assessed lead sources and their effects on BPbs for rural Native American and White children living in a former mining region. Venous blood lead, residential environmental (soil, dust, paint, water), and caregiver interview (e.g., hand-to-mouth behaviors, socioeconomic conditions) data were obtained from a representative sample of 245 children 1-6 years of age. BPbs ranged from 1 to 24 µg/dL. There were no ethnic differences in BPbs

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Lead-contaminated house dust and urban children's blood lead levels.

Cited by 178 publications

References 22 publications

Relationships of video assessments of touching and mouthing behaviors during outdoor play in urban residential yards to parental perceptions of child behaviors and blood lead levels

Relationships of video assessments of touching and mouthing behaviors during outdoor play in urban residential yards to parental perceptions of child behaviors and blood lead levels

Contribution of children's activities to lead contamination of food

Lead sources, behaviors, and socioeconomic factors in relation to blood lead of native american and white children: a community-based assessment of a former mining area.

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