Lead concentration in deciduous teeth: Variation related to tooth type and analytical technique

Grandjean, Philippe; Lyngbye, Troels; Hansen, O. N.

doi:10.1080/15287398609530941

Cited by 40 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Mean values of cortical bone lead by LXRF at 24 weeks in all three groups of children were similar to the mean concentration in untreated CaNa2EDTA-negative children at enrollment and still three to five times greater than those measured in the tibia or whole teeth of normal European children using AAS (18)(19)(20)(21). In lead-toxic children who did not qualify for treatment, additional significant accumulation of lead in bone ended once children were removed from leaded environments and/or returned to lead-abated apartments (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 71%

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Sequential Measurements of Bone Lead Content by L X-Ray Fluorescence in CaNa 2 EDTA-Treated Lead-Toxic Children

Rosen¹,

Markowitz²,

Bijur³

et al. 1991

Environmental Health Perspectives

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With the development of L X-ray fluorescence (LXRF) to measure cortical bone lead directly, safely, rapidly, and noninvasively, the present study was undertaken to a) evaluate LXRF as a possible replacement for the CaNa2EDTA test; b) quantify lead in tibial cortical bones of mildly to moderately lead-toxic children before treatment; and c) quantify lead in tibial cortical bones of lead-toxic children sequentially following one to two courses of chelation therapy. The clinical research design was based upon a longitudinal assessment of 59 untreated lead-toxic children. At enrollment, if the blood lead (PbB) was 25 to 55 jg/dL and the erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) concentration was 2 35 glg/dL, LXRF measurement of tibial bone lead was carried out. One day later, each child underwent a CaNa2EDTA provocative test. If this test was positive, lead-toxic children were admitted to the hospital for 5 days of CaNa2EDTA therapy. These tests were repeated 6 weeks and 6 months after enrollment. Abatement of lead paint hazards was achieved in most apartments by the time of initial hospital discharge.The LXRF instrument consists of a low energy X-ray generator with a silver anode, a lithium-doped silicon detector, a polarizer of incident photons, and a multichannel X-ray analyzer. Partially polarized photons are directed at the subcutaneous, medial mid-tibial cortical bone. The LXRF spectrum, measured 900 from the incident beam, reveals a peak in the 10.5 KeV region, which represents the lead La line. The effective dose equivalent using tissue weighting factors according to guidelines of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (1989), was 2.5 FSv. The reproducibility of replicate LXRF measurements, including the day-to-day variation of the instrument, in 26 lead-toxic children, after repositioning the instrument within 5 cm of the first LXRF measurements, was ±9.2 (9 5% confidence limits). For an overlying tibial skin thickness of 5 mm, the minimum detection limit was 7 Ag of lead/g (wet weight) at the 95% confidence interval.Based upon a discriminant analysis, 90% of lead-toxic children were predicted correctly as being CaNa2EDTA-positive or CaNa2EDTA-negative. Using LXRF and PbB values to predict CaNa2EDTA outcomes, the specificity and sensitivity of these two predictors were 86 and 93%, respectively. In a significant fraction of CaNa2EDTA-positive and CaNa2EDTA-negative children, cortical bone lead values were similar to lead concentrations measured via bone biopsy in normal adults and lead workers in industry. By 24 weeks after enrollment, PbB, EP, and urinary lead/EDTA ratios were similar in all groups. The most dramatic decreases in net corrected photon counts by LXRF occurred in children treated twice. Mean values of cortical bone lead by LXRF at 24 weeks in all three groups of children were similar to the mean concentration in untreated CaNa2EDTA-negative children at enrollment but still three to five times greater than those measured in the tibia or whole teeth of normal European children using...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…2A-C), PbB, EP, and PbU/EDTA ratios returned to values currently considered to be normal. In contrast, tibial cortical bone lead concentrations remained three to five times higher than concentrations in compact tooth bone in normal European children (18)(19)(20)(21) (Fig. 2D).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Sequential Measurements of Bone Lead Content by L X-Ray Fluorescence in CaNa 2 EDTA-Treated Lead-Toxic Children

Rosen¹,

Markowitz²,

Bijur³

et al. 1991

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…Several other studies [reviewed in Grant et al (1), and Smith (2)] have used whole teeth or tooth crowns; such samples contain different proportions of enamel and primary dentin that probably reflect lead absorption levels to varying degrees. Not surprisingly, the lead concentration in the tooth as a whole correlates poorly with the level in circumpulpal dentin, the average lead concentration ofthe latter being about five times greater (6). That the lead concentration in dentin is an important predictor is stressed by the fact that two ofthe studies that showed the most marked lead-related decreases in neurobehavioral performance (4,13) were based on dentin measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Within this cohort, we selected a nested case-referent group of 200 children who were examined in detail (4 Accordingiy, epidemiological studies in lead neurotoxicity have used parameters indicating lead absorption, primarily the lead concentration in blood and/or teeth (1-3). We chose to determine the lead content ofcircumpulpal (or secondary) dentin from shed deciduous incisors (5,6). This tissue is formed very slowly after the eruption the tooth; the dentin has a blood supply that permits continuous ion exchange and retention oflead as lead phosphate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lessons from a Danish Study on Neuropsychological Impairment Related to Lead Exposure

Grandjean¹,

Lyngbye²,

Hansen³

1991

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Serious problems emerge when evaluating evidence on lead neurotoxcity in children. The extent ofthese problems and ways to control them were expolored in a study of 1291 children from the first class in the schools of Aarhus municipality, Denmark. The lead retention in circumpulpal dentin in shed deciduous teeth was used as an indicator of cumulated lead exposure; it correlated most strongly with traffic density at the residence ofeach family and at the day-care institutions. In a nested case-control group selected on the basis ofdentin lead concentrations, 29 of200 children had encountered obstetrical complications and other medical risks for neurobehavioral dysnction; these children primarily belonged to the low-lead group. As lead-related neurobehaviora effects are nonspecific, inclusion of these children in the data analysis would therefore have distorted the results toward the null hypothesis. Children from the high-lead group who had experienced neonatal jaundice showed impaired performance when compared to other high-lead children; this finding may suggest a synergistic effect. The Bender gestalt test scored by the Gttingen system was the test that was most sensitive to lead exposure. The conclusion that neurobehavioral effects can be caused by the relatively low lead exposures in Denmark may not be surprising, as current exposures to this toxic metal greatly exceed the prepollution levels to which the human body originally adapted.

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“…In another three teeth, the cementum was removed from slices of root and compared with contiguous slices with retained circumpulpal canal and cementum. Analytical methods follow those described in Gulson (16 (17,(18)(19)(20), although it was attributed significance in some investigations (21)(22)(23). Tooth type does not appear to be of concern in the evaluation of isotopic compositions in deciduous teeth (4,16); however, in this study, tooth type does appear important in some cases.…”

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confidence: 99%

Lead Exchange in Teeth and Bone: A Pilot Study Using Stable Lead Isotopes

Gulson¹,

Gillings²

1997

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Lead concentration in deciduous teeth: Variation related to tooth type and analytical technique

Cited by 40 publications

References 10 publications

Sequential Measurements of Bone Lead Content by L X-Ray Fluorescence in CaNa 2 EDTA-Treated Lead-Toxic Children

Sequential Measurements of Bone Lead Content by L X-Ray Fluorescence in CaNa 2 EDTA-Treated Lead-Toxic Children

Lessons from a Danish Study on Neuropsychological Impairment Related to Lead Exposure

Lead Exchange in Teeth and Bone: A Pilot Study Using Stable Lead Isotopes

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