Lead batteries for utility energy storage: A review

May, Geoffrey; Davidson, Alistair J.; Monahov, B.

doi:10.1016/j.est.2017.11.008

Cited by 766 publications

(410 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

331

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The rechargeable battery is one of the most widely used electrical energy storage technologies in daily life and industry [35]. Electrochemical (battery) storage is attractive because it is easy to deploy, already economical, compact, and provides virtually instant response both to the input from the battery and the output from the network to the battery [36].…”

Section: Change In the Spread Of Energy Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

Economic and Technical Aspects of Flexible Storage Photovoltaic Systems in Europe

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Solar energy has an increasing role in the global energy mix. The need for flexible storage photovoltaic systems and energy storage in electricity networks is becoming increasingly important as more generating capacity uses solar and wind energy. This paper is a study on the economic questions related to flexible storage photovoltaic systems of household size in 2018. The aim is to clarify whether it is possible in the European Union to achieve a payback of the costs of flexible storage photovoltaic system investments for residential customers considering the technology-specific storage aspects prevalent in 2018. We studied seven different flexible storage photovoltaic investments with different battery technologies in Germany, France, Italy, and Spain because, in Europe, these countries have a prominent role with regard to the spread of photovoltaic technology. These investment alternatives are studied with the help of economic indicators for the different cases of the selected countries. At the end of our paper we come to the conclusion that an investment of a flexible storage photovoltaic (PV) system with Olivine-type-LiFePO 4 , Lithium-Ion, Vented lead-acid battery (OPzS), Sealed lead-acid battery (OPzV), and Aqueous Hybrid Ion (AHI) batteries can have a positive net present value due to the high electricity prices in Germany and in Spain. The most cost-effective technology was the Olivine-type-LiFePO 4 and the Lithium-Ion at the time of the study. We suggest the provision of governmental support and uniform European modifications to the regulatory framework, especially concerning grid fees and tariffs, which would be necessary in the beginning to help to introduce these flexible storage PV systems to the market.

show abstract

Section: Change In the Spread Of Energy Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

Economic and Technical Aspects of Flexible Storage Photovoltaic Systems in Europe

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It has an open-circuit voltage source depending on the SOC, V Bat OCV (SOC), connected in series with a resistor and a second-order R-C circuit that represents the transient response of battery. The impedance of the battery bank is represented by Equation (6) and the battery voltage by Equation (7).…”

Section: Modeling Of Battery Bankmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, their main drawback is their relatively short cycle life (1500-9000 charge/discharge cycles). On the contrary, Li-ion batteries have a long cycle life (>10,000 cycles) and their efficiency is approximately 95%, but their implementation cost is high (>USD 350/kW·h) [9] Moreover, the BMS of Li-ion batteries is more complex than that of VRLA batteries, due to the need for inner cell protections against overcharges and cell voltage equalization circuits [7,10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The essential characteristics of a battery are: the energy storage capacity, the efficiency, the lifetime (expressed in the number of cycles) and the operation temperature. The kind of batteries that are most commonly used in MGs for energy storage applications are Lead Acid (LA) or Valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries [5][6][7][8]. In [6], a study was carried out on the most relevant characteristics in the selection process of the suitable battery technology for different applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 31 storage applications are Lead Acid (LA) or Valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries [5][6][7][8]. In [6], a study was carried out on the most relevant characteristics in the selection process of the suitable battery technology for different applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Practical Analysis and Design of a Battery Management System for a Grid-Connected DC Microgrid for the Reduction of the Tariff Cost and Battery Life Maximization

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study is focused on two areas: the design of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) for a grid-connected DC Microgrid and the power management of that microgrid. The power management is performed by a Microgrid Central Controller (MGCC). A Microgrid operator provides daily information to the MGCC about the photovoltaic generation profile, the load demand profile, and the real-time prices of the electricity in order to plan the power interchange between the BESS and the main grid, establishing the desired state of charge (SOC) of the batteries at any time. The main goals of the power management strategy under study are to minimize the cost of the electricity that is imported from the grid and to maximize battery life by means of an adequate charging procedure, which sets the charging rate as a function of the MG state. Experimental and simulation results in many realistic scenarios demonstrate that the proposed methodology achieves a proper power management of the DC microgrid.

show abstract