Lead and other metal ions in United States precipitation

Biogeochemistry of lead in an urban forest in Athens, Greece

“…In 2002, the annual rain height was 854 mm and in 2001 it was 355 mm. Generally speaking, the Pb fluxes are not high considering the high values (more than 300 g ha À1 ) in bulk and throughfall deposition found in forested areas in central Germany (Heinrichs and Mayer 1980) or USA (10-1000 g ha À1 ) (Lazrus et al 1970) in the past. The fluxes values of Pb found in bulk deposition in this study are close to the fluxes found by Ukonmaanaho et al (2001) in remote Finish forests (9.5 g ha À1 ).…”

Chemical concentrations of pollutant lead aerosols, terrestrial dusts and sea salts in Greenland and Antarctic snow strata

“…It is unlikly that such lead concentrations are typical or those in temperate latitude snows of the northern hemisphere because they exceed the 40 y Pb/kg concentrations commonly found in urban rain (CHOW and EARL, 19 68a;LAZRUS et al, 1969 ), and the 2 y Pb/kg concentration found in new-fallen snow in a primitive area 160 km NNE of San Francisco ( TATSUMOTO and PATTERSON, 1963b ). The observations of lead in polar and Polish ices probcbly represent the extremes of general and local significance respectively…”

“…(BLAIR and FITE, 1957), the total amount of industrial lead aerosols deposited annually there should be about 1 x 103 tons, which is about 1% of the total annual lead aerosol production in the northern hemisphere listed in Table 15. 99/o of the lead aerosols produced at temperate latitudes in the northern hemisphere should be washed out before they migrate to polar regions according to the following measurements: (1) the concentration of industrial lead in rain near urban areas in North America, characterizes the atmospheric concentrations of lead aerosols in source regions, is about 40 y Pb/kg (CHOW and EARL, 19 6 8 a; LAZRUS et al, 1969), and the concentrations of industrial lead in rural snow at temperate latitudes is about 2 y Pb/kg (TATSUMOTO and PATTERSON, 1963b), while the concentration of industrial lead in precipitation in polar regions is about 1% of that in source regions, or 0.2 y Pb/kg; and (2) the standing crop of lead aerosols in the Arctic atmosphere 3 at ground level is less than 0.0005 y Pb/m , while the standing crop of lead aerosols in the north temperate and north tropic atmospheres at ground level is The burning of coal has never been a significant contributor of lead aerosols in the atmosphere, even compared to the output from lead smelteries in the early Thirties. At that t me about 1.3 x 109 tons of coal, which contained 10% to 20% ash and about 5 ppm of lead (CHOW and EARL, 1968b), were ourned annually in the northern hemisphere (REVELLE and SUESS, 1957).…”

Geological and hydrochemical sensitivity of the eastern United States to acid precipitation

“…67 While a reasonably good understanding of the sources and distribution of acid precipitation has been developed, 1 6,18, 19,27,71,72,77 our understanding of the effects of acidic precipitation on terrestrial and aquatic systems is still fragmentary.…”