Lead and cadmium in raw buffalo, cow and ewe milk from west Azerbaijan, Iran

Najarnezhad, Vahid; Jalilzadeh-Amin, Ghader; Anassori, Ehsan; Zeinali, Vahid

doi:10.1080/19393210.2015.1007396

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Tajkarimi et al (2008) sampled 14 milk factories in different provinces of Iran and they found lead mean residues of 2.4±1.4 µg/kg in Shoosh (Khuzestan), one order of magnitude lower than the values indicated here. Compared to other studies (Najarnezhad et al, 2015) carried out in the Northwest of this country (West Azerbaijan province), we have reported higher exposure (µg/kg, 47.0 Pb and 4.7 Cd vs. 7.0 and 10.0, respectively). Whereas both provinces are in the West of Iran, Khuzestan is closer to polluted areas and more exposed to dominant winds carrying pollution from zones related to oil or conflict.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 94%

“…Our results showed the values of lead in the cow milk samples were in agreement with those reported from Turkey (Simsek et al, 2000;Ayar et al, 2009), Croatia (Pavlovic et al, 2004;Bilandzic et al, 2011), and several times higher than those reported from India (Tripathi et al, 1999;Dhanalakshmi and Gawdaman, 2013), Thailand (Parkpian et al, 2003), Italy (Licata et al, 2004), South Africa (Ataro et al, 2008), Spain (Gonzalez-Montaña et al, 2012), Greece (Gougoulias et al, 2014), and Iran (Najarnezhad and Akbarabadi, 2013;Najarnezhad et al, 2015;Mostafidi et al, 2016). Although they are inferior, to those investigated in Italy (Coni et al, 1995;Caggiano et al, 2005;Anastasio et al, 2006), India (Swarup et al, 2005), Romania (Serdaru et al, 2001),…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Italy (Caggiano et al, 2005;Anastasio et al, 2006), Turkey (Ayar et al, 2009), Egypt (Meshref et al, 2014), Kosovo (Hyseni and Musaj, 2014), but are similar to those reported from Italia (Licata et al, 2004), Croatia (Pavlovic et al, 2004), Chile (Muñoz et al, 2005), Greece (Gougoulias et al, 2014), and Iran (Najarnezhad et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

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Lead and cadmium levels in raw bovine milk and dietary risk assessment in areas near petroleum extraction industries

Norouzirad

González-Montaña

Martínez‐Pastor

et al. 2018

Science of The Total Environment

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Oil fields are a source of heavy metal pollution, but few studies have evaluated its impact on the intake of these contaminants through milk, an important food especially for children. From February 2015 to 2016, 118 samples of raw cow's milk, 14 of fodder and 8 of water in Southwest Iran were collected from farms close to oil fields or related industries. Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) levels were evaluated by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Mean±SE in milk and fodder were 47.0±3.9 and 54.0±6.9μg/kg for Pb, and 4.7±1.0 and 3.5±1.3μg/kg for Cd. No Pb or Cd was detected in water. Most milk samples (82.2%) for Pb were above the permissible limits (20μg/kg). Exposure to Pb and Cd from milk consumption was calculated in two scenarios: mean and maximum exposure for the age range of 2-90years. The intake of an average Iranian adult (25years, 60kg b. w., 0.14kg milk/day) would be 6.6μg Pb and 0.66μg Cd/day (WI of 46.2 and 4.6μg, respectively), well below the risk values proposed by some international organizations, even in the maximum exposure scenario. However, Pb exposure for infants and toddlers may be closer to the risk values, since milk and milk products could be the main contributor to Cd and Pb, and small children consume 2-3 times more food than adults relative to their body weight. The risk of Pb and Cd exposure through milk close to oil fields should be considered and a monitoring plan for these contaminants is strongly recommended.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

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Lead and cadmium levels in raw bovine milk and dietary risk assessment in areas near petroleum extraction industries

Norouzirad

González-Montaña

Martínez‐Pastor

et al. 2018

Science of The Total Environment

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“…In case of Pb (Arora et al, 2014;Farell et al, 2013;Shepherd et al, 2012), barium (Ba; Austin et al, 2013), calcein and oxytetracycline (Kierdorf et al, 2013), it has been shown that dentine can give a spatially-resolved record of exposure to these elements/compounds during tooth formation, whereby the concentration of the compound or element in question in the dentine reflects the degree of exposure to the compound or element while this section of the dentine was formed/mineralised. Consistent with this, the change from the Pb-rich mixed milk/grass diet of lambs to the Pb-poor seaweed diet of adult North Ronaldsay sheep (Anastasio et al, 2006;Antunovic et al, 2005;Bacon et al, 1996;Hansen et al, 2003a;Najarnezhad et al, 2015;Ródenas de la Rocha et al, 2009;Schiener et al, 2015) is visible in the bioimages of our study: The arrows in Fig. 2E point out changes in Pb intensities in the primary dentine, with arrows originating in the younger primary dentine where lower intensities were observed and pointing toward the higher intensities in older primary dentine.…”

Section: Origin Of Arsenic In Seaweed-eating Sheep's Teethsupporting

confidence: 87%

Potential dietary, non-metabolic accumulation of arsenic (As) in seaweed-eating sheep's teeth: Implications for archaeological studies

Blanz

Britton

Grant

et al. 2018

Journal of Archaeological Science

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Evaluating the extent of an individual's exposure to arsenic, (potentially) indicative of proximity to smelting activities, poisoning, or dietary history, has proven difficult in archaeological contexts due to uncertainties surrounding how arsenic biogenically accumulates in the tissues commonly found at archaeological sites such as bone and tooth, in addition to issues of diagenesis. In this study, teeth of modern sheep naturally exposed to high amounts of arsenic by means of seaweed in their diet are compared to the teeth of a less exposed 'control group' of modern sheep consuming predominantly grass. Through analysis of total arsenic and other element concentrations in samples of enamel, cementum and dentine by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS), as well as by bioimaging of radial tooth sections of sheep molars by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), this research demonstrates that arsenic in the teeth of sheep exposed to dietary arsenic predominantly accumulates in the infundibulum and occlusal dentine. The major route of uptake of arsenic in these teeth is therefore likely not by ingestion and metabolisation during growth of the tooth, as is thought to be the case for lead and barium, but rather due to direct surface contact, potentially even occurring during mastication. The implications of this type of in vivo chemical alteration of teeth for archaeological trace element studies are explored.

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“…He found that lead concentrations in raw cow milks from nine districts and in imported butter, cheese, cream and milk from 15 countries were lower than allowable limits (37). Similarly, Najarnezhad reported that milk cadmium contents from West Azerbaijan Province, Iran, included 0.003 ±0.001 mg/kg for buffalo milks; 0.001 ±0.001 mg/kg for raw cow milks; and 0.002 ±0.001 mg/kg for raw ewe milks (15). A comparison of data reviewed from literatures is presented in Table 6.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Lead and Cadmium in Milks from East of Iran Using Monte Carlo Simulation Method

et al. 2019

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Background and Objectives: Milk is an important component of the human diet. Exposure to heavy metals through dairy consumption of contaminated foods endangers human health. The aim of this study was to assess concentrations of lead and cadmium in raw milk samples from east of Iran and their safety risks. Materials and Methods: In this study, 54 raw milk samples from five regions were selected by cluster sampling and 20 samples of various popular brands of pasteurized milks were randomly purchased from supermarkets in east of Iran. Samples were digested in laboratory using acid digestion method. Concentrations of elements were calculated using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) approach was used to assess safety risks and investigate noncarcinogenic effects of lead and cadmium. Results: The mean concentrations of lead and cadmium in raw milks included 38.15 and 4.67 ±0.001 μg/kg, respectively. The mean concentrations of lead and cadmium in pasteurized milk included 48.49 ±0.001 and 6.84 ±0.001 μg/kg, respectively. Moreover, the target hazard quotient (THQ) for adults and children in all groups were reported within the safe limits. There were hence no possible risks of exposure to lead and cadmium as results of raw and pasteurized milk consumptions. Conclusions: Lead and cadmium levels did not exceed maximum levels (MLs) in any samples of raw and pasteurized milks. Persistent monitoring is a critical action to protect consumers from contaminated foods. The health risk assessment pursuant to Monte Carlo simulation approach demonstrated that children and adults were not at impressive health risk (THQ < 1).

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Lead and cadmium in raw buffalo, cow and ewe milk from west Azerbaijan, Iran

Cited by 23 publications

References 27 publications

Lead and cadmium levels in raw bovine milk and dietary risk assessment in areas near petroleum extraction industries

Lead and cadmium levels in raw bovine milk and dietary risk assessment in areas near petroleum extraction industries

Potential dietary, non-metabolic accumulation of arsenic (As) in seaweed-eating sheep's teeth: Implications for archaeological studies

Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Lead and Cadmium in Milks from East of Iran Using Monte Carlo Simulation Method

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