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Adsorption-based water treatment technology is a sustainable strategy for health and environmental wellness, as well as mineral recovery and resource conservation. Extended studies on the Cd2+ adsorption characteristics of the cross-linked/phosphorylated carboxymethyl starch (SCCS) derivatives produced by treating a Type-C starch with anionic precursors, including sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) and sodium monochloroacetate (SMCA) were carried out. The optimum product was subjected to surface area studies using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, and then Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) before and after adsorption of Cd2+. The BET results showed that the derivative is mesoporous (pore size: 3.5–6.4 m3/g), while the FTIR results indicated that the adsorption of Cd2+ can be attributed to interactions with the hydroxyl, carbonyl, and phosphoryl functional groups on the SCCS platform. Adsorption equilibrium, kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics, and recovery/regeneration were extensively studied using various models and experimental conditions. The results showed that Cd2+ was efficiently adsorbed (≈ 99%) at equilibrium, and the data fitness for multiple models indicated that the adsorption process is based on a combination of physisorption and chemisorption processes that are thermodynamically feasible and reversible for economic utilization of the adsorbent. The adsorbent was used in the treatment of mine tailing, and the result showed that the removal of minerals from the tailings was very efficient (≈ 100%).
Adsorption-based water treatment technology is a sustainable strategy for health and environmental wellness, as well as mineral recovery and resource conservation. Extended studies on the Cd2+ adsorption characteristics of the cross-linked/phosphorylated carboxymethyl starch (SCCS) derivatives produced by treating a Type-C starch with anionic precursors, including sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) and sodium monochloroacetate (SMCA) were carried out. The optimum product was subjected to surface area studies using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, and then Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) before and after adsorption of Cd2+. The BET results showed that the derivative is mesoporous (pore size: 3.5–6.4 m3/g), while the FTIR results indicated that the adsorption of Cd2+ can be attributed to interactions with the hydroxyl, carbonyl, and phosphoryl functional groups on the SCCS platform. Adsorption equilibrium, kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics, and recovery/regeneration were extensively studied using various models and experimental conditions. The results showed that Cd2+ was efficiently adsorbed (≈ 99%) at equilibrium, and the data fitness for multiple models indicated that the adsorption process is based on a combination of physisorption and chemisorption processes that are thermodynamically feasible and reversible for economic utilization of the adsorbent. The adsorbent was used in the treatment of mine tailing, and the result showed that the removal of minerals from the tailings was very efficient (≈ 100%).
This study focuses on the development of new amino-functionalized magnetic Fe2O3/SiO2 nanocomposites with varying silicate shell ratios (1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:2) for the efficient elimination of Hg2+ ions found in solutions. The Fe2O3/SiO2–NH2 adsorbents were characterized for their structural, surface, and magnetic properties using various techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Braunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), zeta-potential, and particle size measurement. We investigated the adsorption circumstances, such as pH, dosage of the adsorbent, and duration of adsorption. The pH value that yielded the best results was determined to be 5.0. The Fe2O3/SiO2–NH2 adsorbent with a silicate ratio of (1:2) exhibited the largest amount of adsorption capacity of 152.03 mg g−1. This can be attributed to its significantly large specific surface area of 100.1 m2 g−1, which surpasses that of other adsorbents. The adsorbent with amino functionalization demonstrated a strong affinity for Hg2+ ions due to the chemical interactions between the metal ions and the amino groups on the surface. The analysis of adsorption kinetics demonstrated that the adsorption outcomes adhere to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The study of adsorption isotherms revealed that the adsorption followed the Langmuir model, indicating that the adsorption of Hg2+ ions with the adsorbent occurred as a monomolecular layer adsorption process. Furthermore, the thermodynamic analyses revealed that the adsorption of Hg2+ ions using the adsorbent was characterized by a spontaneous and endothermic process. Additionally, the adsorbent has the ability to selectively extract mercury ions from a complex mixture of ions. The Fe2O3/SiO2–NH2 nanocomposite, which is loaded with metal, can be easily recovered from a water solution due to its magnetic properties. Moreover, it can be regenerated effortlessly through acid treatment. This study highlights the potential use of amino-functionalized Fe2O3/SiO2 magnetic nanoparticles as a highly efficient, reusable adsorbent for the removal of mercury ions from contaminated wastewater.
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