Lead and aluminium levels in infants' hair, diet, and the local environment in the Moroccan city of Marrakech

Zaida, F.; Souad, Chadrame; Sedki, A.; Lekouch, Nadra; Bureau, F.; Arhan, Pierre; Bouglé, Dominique

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.10.017

Cited by 28 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The mean aluminum concentration in drinking water from public water supplies in Galicia, Northwest Spain was 0.12 mg/L, which was similar to the mean from BU [4]. In addition, the mean aluminum concentration in this study was lower than the mean value reported in a study from the Moroccan city of Marrakech (0.21 mg/L) [23]. Aluminum concentration in drinking water measured in the Netherlands was found to be 0.6 mg/L, which was higher than both (SL and BU) study areas [24].…”

Section: Aluminum Concentration In Drinking Watersupporting

confidence: 73%

“…Based on an annual report entitled "Drinking Water 2008" of The Drinking Water Inspectorate England, the majority of samples analyzed complied with the standard. Non compliance was due to a localized disturbance of mains deposits and associated with elevated levels of iron in samples taken from the local network [23].…”

Section: Difference Of Aluminum Concentration In Drinking Water From mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk Assessment of Aluminum in Drinking Water between Two Residential Areas

Dzulfakar

Shaharuddin

Muhaimin

et al. 2011

Water

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A cross-sectional study was conducted at Sungai Lembing (SL) and Bukit Ubi (BU), Kuantan, Malaysia. The main objectives of this epidemiological study were to determine the aluminum concentration in drinking water, to compare with the government standard and to perform health risk assessment prediction among respondents from these two residential areas. A total of 100 respondents were selected from the study areas based on a few inclusive and exclusive criteria. Two duplicates of treated water samples were taken from each respondent's house using a 200 mL high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle and 0.4 mL (69%) pure concentrated nitric acid added as preservative. Aluminum concentrations were analyzed using Lambda 25 UV/V spectrophotometer. The result showed that the mean concentration of aluminum in drinking water from SL was 0.11 ± 0.0634 mg/L and 0.12 ± 0.0462 mg/L for BU. The mean value of Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) in SL (0.0035 ± 0.0028 mg/kg/day) was lower compared to BU (0.0037 ± 0.0021 mg/kg/day). The Hazard Index (HI) calculation showed all respondents had HI less than 1. In conclusion, there was unlikely potential for adverse health effects from aluminum intake in drinking water. However, it was necessary for some action to be taken in order to reduce aluminum levels found in drinking water in both locations.

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Section: Aluminum Concentration In Drinking Watersupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Difference Of Aluminum Concentration In Drinking Water From mentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Assessment of Aluminum in Drinking Water between Two Residential Areas

Dzulfakar

Shaharuddin

Muhaimin

et al. 2011

Water

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“…In Cartagena, Colombia, Olivero-Verbel et al (2007) found no significant difference between boys and girls from 5-9 years, whose mean BLL were 5.91 ± 0.36 and 5.03 ± 0.26 μg/dL, respectively. Zaida et al (2007) detected a significant difference in PbH in infants according to gender: girls had higher PbH (7.3 ± 4.5 μg/g) than boys (5.9 ± 3.4 μg/g).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…On the other hand, Olivero-Verbel et al (2007), detected an inverse correlation between BLL and age (r = −0.191, P = 0.009). An increase of PbH with age was observed in infants, which the authors associated to new diet and more mobility of older children (Zaida et al 2007). We find it more plausible a positive correlation with age because older children tend to play more outdoors, getting in contact with soil particles, and beside that lead is a cumulative toxic heavy metal that may accumulate in bones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a heavily industrialized city of Cubatão, Brazil, the mean PbH concentration in children (aged 1 to 10 years) was 7.25 ± 8.51 μg/g, ranging from 2.5 to 71.4 μg/g (Santos-Filho et al 1993). Zaida et al (2007) in an investigation with children from 0 to 12 months from the city of Marrakech, Morocco observed a PbH average value of 6.6 μg/g, which were associated with environmental contamination of soil, water and food. Hair lead levels in children from Istanbul, Turkey, had mean of 2.41 ± 2.22 μg/g, very similar to the mean observed in our study (Sanna et al 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of lead exposure in children on the outskirts of Salvador, Brazil

Menezes-Filho

Viana

Paes

2011

Environ Monit Assess

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Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal that is widely distributed throughout the environment. Pb is an important neurotoxic metal and children are more susceptible to its effect due to their higher absorption rate and greater susceptibility of the developing nervous system. In this work, we evaluated the lead exposure levels in children living near a metallurgical plant and identified risk factors associated with its internal dose. All children, aged 1-10 years and 11 months, living near a metallurgical plant in the great Salvador area, Brazil were evaluated in this cross-sectional study and compared with children from a non exposed area. Occipital hair and blood were used to assess exposure. Air lead levels in the respirable fraction (PM 2.5 ) were also measured in both areas. Blood lead levels (BLL), hair lead levels (PbH) and air lead were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Spearman correlations analysis was used to evaluate correlations between BLL, PbH and descriptors. Significant risk factors were modeled using multivariate linear regression analysis. Air lead levels were approximately tenfolds lower than EPA reference concentration (0.15 μg/m 3 ). Median BLL and PbH were1.65 ± 1.45 μg/dL and 1.26 ± 3.70 μg/g, respectively, in exposed children. In the referents, medians were BLL 1.20 ± 1.20 μg/dL; PbH 2.09 ± 2.06 μg/g. No significant difference was observed in biomarkers levels between boys and girls. It was observed a positive weak correlation (Spearman rho = 0.197, p = 0.033) between BLL and PbH. Our data show that children's lead body burden measured as BLL or PbH are low when compared with the recommended reference values. Despite that, we were able to identify four risk factors associated with increased biological lead levels: age, living near industrial site, environmental tobacco smoking and, above all, domestic waste burning. In order to prevent such avoidable exposure, environmental education and proper waste management should be implemented, especially in developing countries.

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