Leaching of Zinc Compound from Rubber Stoppers Into the Contents of Automatic Atropine Injectors

Ellin, Robert I.; Kaminskis, Andris; Zvirblis, Peter; Sultan, Walter E.; Shutz, Michael; Matthews, Robert L.

doi:10.1002/jps.2600740722

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Zinc dimethyl- and dibutyldithiocarbamate accelerators in latex rubber are thought to immobilize sperm in latex condoms (). Samples of drugs and blood products in contact with rubber stoppers and syringe plungers have shown high concentrations of Zn ( , ). Thus, it appears that Zn in a variety of rubber products exists in a readily bioavailable form or forms.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tire-Wear Particles as a Source of Zinc to the Environment

Councell

Duckenfield

Landa

et al. 2004

Environ. Sci. Technol.

510

212

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Tire-tread material has a zinc (Zn) content of about 1 wt %. The quantity of tread material lost to road surfaces by abrasion has not been well characterized. Two approaches were used to assess the magnitude of this nonpoint source of Zn in the U.S. for the period 1936-1999. In the first approach, tread-wear rates from the automotive engineering literature were used in conjunction with vehicle distance-driven data from the U.S. Department of Transportation to determine Zn releases. A second approach calculated this source term from the volume of tread lost during lifetime tire wear. These analyses showed that the quantity of Zn released by tire wear in the mid-1990s was of the same magnitude as that released from waste incineration. For 1999, the quantity of Zn released by tire wear in the U.S. is estimated to be 10 000-11 000 metric tons. A specific case study focused on Zn sources and sinks in an urban-suburban watershed (Lake Anne) in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area for a time period of the late 1990s. The atmospheric flux of total Zn (wet deposition) to the watershed was 2 microg/cm2/yr. The flux of Zn to the watershed estimated from tire wear was 42 microg/cm2/yr. The measured accumulation rate of total Zn in age-dated sediment cores from Lake Anne was 27 microg/cm2/yr. These data suggest that tire-wear Zn inputs to urban-suburban watersheds can be significantly greater than atmospheric inputs, although the watershed appears to retain appreciable quantities of vehicular Zn inputs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tire-Wear Particles as a Source of Zinc to the Environment

Councell

Duckenfield

Landa

et al. 2004

Environ. Sci. Technol.

510

212

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A number of analytical methods have been reported in the literature to quantitate and characterize stopper extractables found in parenteral drug products. These include LC [12,[19][20][21]; LC-MS [20,22,23]; TLC [24]; GC-MS [19]; and atomic absorption spectroscopy [21]. The majority of these methods were applied to stopper ingredients extracted into aqueous product media and, therefore, not subject to matrix challenges posed by more complex formulations such as limitations to sensitivity and reproducibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%