“…The following mechanisms may contribute to the avoidance of toxic ion concentration in the leaf apoplast under such conditions, the relative significance varying with plant species as well as with the solute under consideration: removal from the equilibrium by precipitation as calcium oxalate either in the apoplast (Fink, 1992) or in the vacuoles of idioblasts (Ruiz & Mansfield, 1994); guttation (Zornoza & Carpena, 1992); leaching from the leaf apoplast (Arens, 1934); incorporation into the epidermis (Sangster & Hodson, 1986) and the trichomes (De Silva et al, 1996;Zhao et al, 2000); vs abscission of the entire leaf. While the relevance of most of these parameters for stress avoidance is well documented, the role of leaching from the leaf for apoplastic solute balance is still debatable (Pennewiss et al, 1997). Leaching from the leaf apoplast has attracted interest mainly in relation to forest decline (Mengel et al, 1987;Pfirrmann et al, 1990;Turner & Tingey, 1990) or nutrient cycling in nutrient-limited ecosystems (Tukey et al, 1964(Tukey et al, , 1988.…”