Lea symbols: visual acuity assessment and detection of amblyopia

Gräf, Michael; Becker, Ralph; Kaufmann, Herbert J.

doi:10.1007/s004170050009

Cited by 45 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Determination of visual acuity: Visual acuity was tested monocularly at a distance of 3 m with a linear KMBoks chart. 19 Near vision was tested binocularly at a distance of 0.33 m. One 6-year-old boy was tested with the Lea symbols chart 20 both on and off treatment as he could not perform VA testing with the KM chart. Values were noted in decimal format and transferred to logMAR units.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual function and ocular features in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, with and without treatment with stimulants

Grönlund

Aring

Landgren

et al. 2006

Eye

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Aims To investigate visual function and ocular features in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) and establish whether treatment with stimulants is reflected in functioning of the visual system. Methods Detailed ophthalmologic evaluations without and with stimulants were performed in 42 children (37 boys) with AD/HD, mean age 12 years, and compared with a reference group (ref; n ¼ 50; mean age 11.9 years; 44 boys). For a comparison between two groups, Mann-Whitney's U-test was used for ordered and continuous variables; for dichotomous variables, Fisher's exact test was used. For paired comparison (with and without treatment), sign test was used. Results In all, 83% had visual acuity of 40.8 (o0.1 logMAR) without treatment, 90% with stimulants (ref 98%; P ¼ 0.032 and n.s., respectively). Heterophoria was found in 29% without, and in 27% with, stimulants (ref 10%; P ¼ 0.038 and n.s., respectively) and subnormal stereovision (460 s of arc) in 26% (ref 6%; P ¼ 0.016) without stimulants, and in 27%, with (P ¼ 0.014). Abnormal convergence (46 cm or absent) was noted in 24% (ref 6%; P ¼ 0.031) without treatment and in 17%, with (n.s.). Astigmatism (Z1.0 D) was observed in 24% (ref 6%; P ¼ 0.03), and signs of visuoperceptual problems in 21% (ref 2%; P ¼ 0.007). We found smaller optic discs (n ¼ 8/38) and neuroretinal rim areas (n ¼ 7/38) (Po0.0001) and decreased tortuosity of retinal arteries (n ¼ 6/34) (P ¼ 0.0002) than that of controls.Conclusions Children with AD/HD had a high frequency of ophthalmologic findings, which were not significantly improved with stimulants. They presented subtle morphological changes of the optic nerve and retinal vasculature, indicating an early disturbance of the development of these structures.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual function and ocular features in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, with and without treatment with stimulants

Grönlund

Aring

Landgren

et al. 2006

Eye

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show abstract

“…16 However, the only optotype-based target found to be acceptable in phase 1 of the VIP study (Lea symbols) recently produced "disappointing" results 111 in children under 4 years of age 112 and has been shown to overestimate acuity by as much as 2 lines in amblyopia. 113 Other methods of vision screening, such as noncycloplegic retinoscopy 16 and forced choice preferential looking, do not require subject input. However, these screening methods are not generalizable to a population of lay screeners for widespread use in the 4 million US preschoolers born yearly and will not be further discussed.…”

Section: Screening For Amblyopiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship Between Anisometropia, Patient Age, and the Development of Amblyopia

Donahue

2006

American Journal of Ophthalmology

117

113

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“…B. im Hinblick auf die Amblyopiediagnostik besorgniserregende Entkoppelung im unteren Visusbereich war also nicht nachweisbar. Eine ähnlich geringe Zunahme der Differenz im unteren Visusbereich wurde auch beim Vergleich der Landolt-Ring-Sehschärfe mit Lea-Symbolen an erwachsenen Patienten mit Schielamblyopie gefunden [11].…”

Section: Ergebnisseunclassified