“…Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is the quantification of specific drugs in biological fluids, mainly in the blood, at defined time points . TDM aims to maximize the treatment safety and efficacy by ensuring that the drug concentration remains in its therapeutic window. , Currently, only a fraction of therapies are used in combination with TDM, specifically those relying on drugs with (i) a narrow therapeutic index, (ii) severe consequences if under- or overdosing, (iii) large pharmacokinetics interpersonal variability, and when there is a good correlation between the drug blood concentration and its clinical effect. − It is, for instance, essential or strongly advised to monitor certain antimicrobials (aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, azole antifungals), immunosuppressants, antiepileptics, antipsychotics, and anticancer drugs. − In oncology practice, where the highest tolerated doses are often administered to treat cancer, TDM is used to avoid excessive and life-threatening toxicity related to antineoplastic therapies. , …”