“…Looking across the whole industry, asymmetry is typically found for fragmented wholesale distribution systems (Peltzman, 2000), but sometimes with only very weak evidence of asymmetry (Clerides, 2010). Some studies, especially those focused on France (Audenis et al, 2002;Lamotte et al, 2013), share the same conclusion about the existence of asymmetry in the gasoline-oil price relation. However, price asymmetries are not model or data independent.…”