“…Machine learning methods have been applied to various association discovery tasks (Zou et al, 2018;Peng et al, 2019;Shen et al, 2022;Wu et al, 2022;Yu et al, 2022;Lin et al, 2023a;Peng et al, 2023a;Peng et al, 2023b;Peng et al, 2024b;Han et al, 2023;Liu and Zhang, 2023;Qi and Zou, 2023;Xiong et al, 2023;Xu et al, 2024;Zhang et al, 2024). Consequently, machine learning algorithms have been broadly applied in LDA prediction, for example, collaborative filtering (Yu et al, 2019), graph regularization (Liu et al, 2020;, matrix factorization (Fu et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2020;Xi et al, 2022), heterogeneous graph learning framework, (Cao et al, 2023), and ensemble learning models (Peng et al, 2022a). Notably, deep learning has been broadly applied due to its powerful classification performance (Sun et al, 2022;Wang et al, 2023b;Hu et al, 2023;Jiang et al, 2023;Zhou et al, 2024a), such as in the graph convolution network (Wang W. et al, 2022), node2vec (Li et al, 2021), collaborative deep learning (Lan et al, 2020), deep neural network (Wei et al, 2020), deep multi-network embedding (Ma, 2022), graph autoencoder (Liang et al, 2023;Zhou et al, 2024b), and a capsule network with the attention mechanism .…”