LC-Q-TOF-MS Characterization of Polyphenols from White Bayberry Fruit and Its Antidiabetic Effect in KK-A^y Mice

Abstract

The present study is to investigate the polyphenolic composition and in vivo antidiabetic effect of white-fleshed Chinese bayberry cultivar “Shui Jing”. By liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS), 38 polyphenols were identified in the Shui Jing fruit extract (SJE), where proanthocyanidins (PAs), including epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), as well as flavonols, including myricitrin and quercetrin, were the predominant ingredients. After a 5-week experiment, the SJE (200 mg/kg bodyweight) significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, elevated glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity in diabetic KK-A y mice. It markedly attenuated bodyweight gain and decreased glycolipid metabolism-related markers including insulin, leptin, glucagon, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in mice. Liver weight and hepatic lipid accumulation were also significantly reduced by the SJE. Gene expressions of insulin 1 ( INS1 ) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 β ( GSK3b ) were markedly inhibited while the hepatic phosphorylation of AMPKα was significantly increased in the liver of SJE-treated mice, indicating that the SJE may exert an antidiabetic effect through an AMPK-dependent pathway. In conclusion, white bayberry rich in PAs and flavonols may have great potential in the regulation of diabetes mellitus.

An overview of the nutritional value, health properties, and future challenges of Chinese bayberry

“…CB fruits exhibit a please sweet and sour taste. Prior reports have indicated that these fruits contain soluble solid levels ranging from 8.4–15.0% ( Cheng et al, 2016 ; Liang et al, 2019 ; Liang et al, 2020 ; Liu et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2016a ; Zhang et al, 2018a ; Zhang et al, 2021 ; Yan et al, 2016 ), with total sugar and total acid contents of 8.4% and 1.2%, respectively. While the data herein were from multiple sources and were derived from different analytical approaches, we have converted these data into the same units to reduce variability and permit statistical analyses.…”

“…CB fruits contain high levels of flavonoids (13.6–294.3 mg/100 g fresh weight [FW]) ( Sun et al, 2013a ; Xia et al, 2021a ; Zhang et al, 2018a ). Flavonoids are key bioactive CB derivatives, with the number of detected polyphenols 38 reported by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS), where proanthocyanidins, as well as flavonols, including myricitrin and quercetrin, were the predominant ingredients in a previous study ( Liu et al, 2020 ). CB-derived flavonoids are thought to exhibit beneficial anti-cancer and anti-diabetes activities ( Zhang et al, 2018b ).…”

“…CB-derived flavonoids are thought to exhibit beneficial anti-cancer and anti-diabetes activities ( Zhang et al, 2018b ). The most abundant flavonoid in these analyzed fruits was the cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (6,322–1,1846 mg/kg dry weight [DW]), followed by the epicatechin (82.25–111.87 mg/kg DW), quercetin (5.98–36.47 mg/kg DW), myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside (21.2–91.6 mg/kg DW), kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside (279.14 mg/100 g DW), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (0.07−1.39 mg/kg DW), quercetin-3-O-galactoside (30.8 mg/g DW), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (8.2 mg/g DW) ( Liu et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2016a ; Zhang et al, 2021 ). The total relative anthocyanin levels in these fruits are 2.80−5.12 mg/kg (DW) ( Zhang et al, 2021 ).…”

“…These polyphenols exhibit anti-oxidant and anti-proliferative activities, as well as bacteriostatic properties which have led to interest in their use as natural preservatives ( Tao et al, 2020 ). In prior analyses of secondary metabolites, 15 CB-derived phenolic acids were identified ( Liu et al, 2020 ). The content of protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, and p-coumaric acid levels in CB fruits are 32.12–133.84 mg/kg (DW), 0.39−4.45 mg/kg (DW), and 0.05−0.57 mg/kg (DW) ( Zhang et al, 2021 ), and these compounds have been ascribed beneficial pharmacological activities including the ability to prevent platelet aggregation, reduce myocardial oxygen consumption, increase myocardial oxygen tolerance, and slow the heart rate.…”

A Network Pharmacology Approach to Investigate the Mechanism of Erjing Prescription in Type 2 Diabetes

“…MiR-133 may be an effective target for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy via the MAPK/ERK pathway [38]. e antidiabetic effect of SJE might be dependent on the AMPK pathway, which was indicated through the inhibition of gene expression in INS1 and GSK3β, and upregulating the hepatic phosphorylation of AMPKα in liver of mice [39].…”