LC–MS–MS Determination of Gizzerosine in Poultry Feed

Abstract

A new selective method for the determination of the bioactive amine gizzerosine in poultry feed is presented based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation and tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. The protonated molecular ions were selected for fragmentation and scanning of the two major product ions using the mass analyser in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The analytical methodology included acid hydrolysis of feed sample aliquots and desalting and crude clean-up of hydrolysates using cation-exchange chromatography on a polymeric solid-phase extraction sorbent. Mean overall recoveries (n = 9) were 68-82% in spike-recovery experiments. The limit of detection was 0.25 mg kg -1 . The method was applied to the analysis of fish meal and fish meal-containing poultry feed samples. Although gizzerosine could not be detected in any of the samples, it was found in fish meal made from sand eel after heating to 130°C for 24 h.

Gizzard erosion and ulceration syndrome in chickens and turkeys: a review of causal or predisposing factors

“…Until now it has therefore been impossible to compare the levels of gizzerosine needed to induce gizzard erosions with the level in feed on the market. However, a liquid chromatographyÁtandem mass spectroscopy method for quantification of gizzerosine has been published recently (Uhlig et al, 2011). In this study a limited number of samples of Norwegian poultry feed was analysed with negative results.…”

Rapid determination of gizzerosine in fish meals using microchip capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection

“…The LOD was calculated to be 0.025 μg ml -1 based on S/N = 3, which was comparable with a gizzerosine concentration of 0.025 mg kg -1 . This limit was 10 times lower than that obtained by HILIC-MS/MS (0.25 mg kg -1 ) and far more sensitive than HPLC methods (1 or 0.5 mg kg -1 ) (Ohta et al 1988;Murakita & Gotoh 1990;Uhlig et al 2011). The LOQ was calculated as 0.083 μg ml -1 .…”

“…ELISA has been proposed, but it was considered to be time-consuming (Becker et al 1998;Manosalva et al 2004). More recently hydrophilic interaction chromatographytandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/ MS) was described (Uhlig et al 2011), but sample pretreatment was complicated and bulky and expensive equipment was indispensable. An easy-tomanipulate method of paper electrophoresis has been developed (Tao et al 2012), which could largely accelerate the overall operation procedure, but the LOD was much higher than the suggested levels in poultry feed that might otherwise cause mortalities.…”

Formation and Detection of Gizzerosine in Animal Feed Matrices: Progress and Perspectives

“…88,89 Nevertheless, its sensitivity has been criticized as its detection limit of 10 ppm is higher than recommended in poultry feed which might be fatal to animals. 11 3.7. Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence.…”

“…Pauly’s reagent was used for color development and image processing to analyze colored spots with a linear range of 30–1000 ng of gizzerosine . Paper electrophoresis is simple, fast, and easy to operate paper-based diagnostic technology and does not require expensive instruments or cumbersome pretreatment to eliminate interfering compounds. , Nevertheless, its sensitivity has been criticized as its detection limit of 10 ppm is higher than recommended in poultry feed which might be fatal to animals …”