LC–MS/MS-based phospholipid profiling of plant-pathogenic bacteria with tailored separation of methyl-branched species

Abstract

Plant-pathogenic bacteria are one of the major constraints on agricultural yield. In order to selectively treat these bacteria, it is essential to understand the molecular structure of their cell membrane. Previous studies have focused on analyzing hydrolyzed fatty acids (FA) due to the complexity of bacterial membrane lipids. These studies have highlighted the occurrence of branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) alongside normal-chain fatty acids (NCFA) in many bacteria. As several FA are bound in the intact phospholipids of the bacterial membrane, the presence of isomeric FA complicates lipid analysis. Furthermore, commercially available reference standards do not fully cover potential lipid isomers. To address this issue, we have developed a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to analyze the phospholipids of various plant-pathogenic bacteria with a focus on BCFA containing phospholipids. The study revealed the separation of three isomeric phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) depending on the number of bound BCFA to NCFA. The validation of the retention order was based on available reference standards in combination with the analysis of hydrolyzed fatty acids through gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after fractionation. Additionally, the transferability of the retention order to other major lipid classes, such as phosphatidylglycerols (PG) and cardiolipins (CL), was thoroughly examined. Using the information regarding the retention behavior, the phospholipid profile of six plant-pathogenic bacteria was structurally elucidated. Furthermore, the developed LC–MS/MS method was used to classify the plant-pathogenic bacteria based on the number of bound BCFA in the phospholipidome. Graphical Abstract