LC-ESI-MS/MS on an ion trap for the determination of LSD, iso-LSD, nor-LSD and 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD in blood, urine and vitreous humor

Favretto, Donata; Frison, Giampietro; Maietti, Sergio; Ferrara, Santo Davide

doi:10.1007/s00414-006-0078-x

Cited by 42 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…Immunoassay [20][21][22][23], high-performance liquid chromatography combined with ultraviolet detection [24], and several gas chromatographic methods [25][26][27][28] have been described. More recent studies were mostly based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry [29] or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) techniques [30][31][32][33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatal outcome in a child after ingestion of a transdermal fentanyl patch

et al. 2006

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The case history and toxicological findings of a fatal fentanyl intoxication due to ingestion of a transdermal patch are presented. A 1-year-old otherwise healthy girl was put to bed and 2 h later she was found dead. The autopsy revealed a 25-microg/h (4.2 mg) transdermal fentanyl patch in the stomach. Toxicological analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with positive electrospray ionization yielded fentanyl and norfentanyl concentrations in the peripheral blood of 5.6 and 5.9 ng/ml, heart blood 19.0 and 8.9 ng/ml, and liver 235 and 26 ng/g, respectively. The cause of death was determined to be a fentanyl overdose. The investigation established that the child has unintentionally swallowed the patch, which had been lying on the floor.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatal outcome in a child after ingestion of a transdermal fentanyl patch

et al. 2006

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“…On the contrary, other benzodiazepines acting on the central nervous system with mainly sedating effects like diazepam are often Billegally^abused [25,26], besides a number of other illicit substances [27]. When toxicological analyses detect diazepam beside tetrazepam in the urine, a consumption of further Billegal^benzodiaze-pines in addition to the officially prescribed tetrazepam must not coercively be assumed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medicolegal aspects of tetrazepam metabolism

et al. 2006

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The benzodiazepine tetrazepam is primarily muscle relaxant with comparably lower central sedating effects and is therefore commonly prescribed for muscle spasms of different origins. To evaluate tetrazepam metabolism, a study was conducted with ten healthy volunteers. Blood and urine samples were regularly collected after the intake of 50 mg tetrazepam. Toxicological analyses revealed that tetrazepam is also metabolized to diazepam and further to nordazepam, which has not yet been reported. Tetrazepam and diazepam could be detected in urine samples at least 72 h after intake, the diazepam concentration being 33% (+/-14% SD), on average, of the tetrazepam concentration. On the basis of three case histories, the importance of the detection of these newly described metabolites is shown as necessary to prevent false accusations and potential negative legal consequences for examined persons.

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“…Conventional analytical methods used in the last decade consist of liquid chroma- tographic separations with an MS detection following a sample pretreatment step [2]. LSD has been extracted by an alkaline liquid -liquid extraction from urine, blood [3,4], and recently from vitreous humor [5]. SPE was also used for urine samples to provide cleaner extracts with a lowest organic solvent consumption [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective sample pretreatment by molecularly imprinted polymer for the determination of LSD in biological fluids

Chapuis-Hugon¹,

Cruz-Vera

Savane

et al. 2009

J of Separation Science

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For the first time, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized by a noncovalent imprinting approach for the selective extraction of an illicit drug, LSD, from hair and urine samples. For the synthesis of MIP, an analog of LSD, was taken as a dummy template, methacrylic acid as a functional monomer, and ACN as a porogen solvent. The MIP was used for offline extraction before HPLC-MS analysis. By studying the interactions taking place between the LSD and the MIP, a selective procedure was established in organic media and applied to hair samples. By this way, 0.1 ng/mg of LSD was successfully detected in hair with 82% of extraction recovery. A low retention was also obtained on the control polymer (only 9%). This procedure was then modified to obtain a selective extraction in aqueous media for the determination of LSD in urine samples. The comparison with a conventional C18 clearly demonstrated the selectivity brought by the MIP to the determination of LSD in urine. LSD was easily detected in urine at only 0.5 ng/mL with 83% of extraction recovery on the MIP and 11% on the NIP. An LOQ of 0.2 pg/mL was estimated in urine samples.

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LC-ESI-MS/MS on an ion trap for the determination of LSD, iso-LSD, nor-LSD and 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD in blood, urine and vitreous humor

Cited by 42 publications

References 19 publications

Fatal outcome in a child after ingestion of a transdermal fentanyl patch

Fatal outcome in a child after ingestion of a transdermal fentanyl patch

Medicolegal aspects of tetrazepam metabolism

Selective sample pretreatment by molecularly imprinted polymer for the determination of LSD in biological fluids

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