LC‐DAD‐ESI‐MS/MS characterization of elderberry flower ( Sambucus nigra ) phenolic compounds in ethanol, methanol, and aqueous extracts

Abstract

Wild plants have recently attracted attention due to their phenolic compounds and their potential positive effects on human health (Barros, Dueñas, Carvalho, Ferreira, & Santos-Buelga, 2012).Elderberry refers to several different varieties of the Sambucus tree, which is a flowering plant belonging to the Adoxaceae family. The most common type is Sambucus nigra, also known as the European elderberry, which has been used since ancient times. Elderberry flowers are distinguished by their intense, pleasant fragrance, and form the foundation for technically generated non-alcoholic beverages.They are used in various foods and diets because of their nutrient content. Although elderberry flower is known to have an attractive flavor resulting from aroma compounds responsible for its flavor, its consumption as tea is limited for commercial use (Christensen, Knaack, & Frette, 2007).Elderberry flower is rich in phenolic acids and flavonoids (Christensen et al., 2007). In the quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds, water, methanol, and ethanol are used usually as extracting solvents. It has a number of groups of flavonoids, including

Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.): Bioactive Compounds, Health Functions, and Applications

“…6 The main phenolic acids in elderberry fruit were gallic acid (3.45 μg/100 g of dry weight) and gentisic acid (2.16 μg/100 g of dry weight), and the dominant flavonoids were rutin (813.08 μg/100 g of dry weight) and quercetin (228.83 μg/100 g of dry weight), 7 while the predominant phenolic acids in elderberry flower extracts were chlorogenic acid, 5-p-coumaroylquinic acid, and dicaffeoylquinic acid. 8 Rutin (3265.13 mg/kg of fresh flowers) and naringenin (734.15 mg/kg of fresh flowers) were found as the main flavonols and flavanones in elderberry flower extracts. 9 The richest anthocyanins in elderberry fruits were cyanidin 3-Osambubioside (344.48 mg/100 g of fresh weight) and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (190.63 mg/100 g of fresh weight).…”

“…It contains different (poly)­phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids, flavanones, flavonols, and anthocyanins, in its leaves and fruits . The main phenolic acids in elderberry fruit were gallic acid (3.45 μg/100 g of dry weight) and gentisic acid (2.16 μg/100 g of dry weight), and the dominant flavonoids were rutin (813.08 μg/100 g of dry weight) and quercetin (228.83 μg/100 g of dry weight), while the predominant phenolic acids in elderberry flower extracts were chlorogenic acid, 5- p -coumaroylquinic acid, and dicaffeoylquinic acid . Rutin (3265.13 mg/kg of fresh flowers) and naringenin (734.15 mg/kg of fresh flowers) were found as the main flavonols and flavanones in elderberry flower extracts .…”

Sambucus nigra flower and berry extracts for food and therapeutic applications: effect of gastrointestinal digestion on in vitro and in vivo bioactivity and toxicity

“…For example, Uzlasir et al 34 showed that solvent (water, 80% methanol, 80% ethanol), extraction temperature (80 and 100 °C) and extraction time (5 and 30 min) have an impact in the phenolic content of S. nigra flower extracts. They concluded that aqueous extracts were found to be rich in phenolic compounds and the highest phenolic content was determined in extracts obtained at 100 °C for 30 min (1360.9 ± 26.9 mg L −1 ), whereas the lowest was detected in the ethanol extracts (347.55–473.27 mg L −1 ).…”

“…17 Other authors have also reported a similar phenolic profile of aqueous S. nigra flower extracts. 5,34…”

“…17 Other authors have also reported a similar phenolic profile of aqueous S. nigra flower extracts. 5,34 In S. nigra berry extracts, the profile of phenolic compounds is simpler. The most representative compounds are rutin (161.5 ± 14.9 mg L −1 ), resveratrol (150.7 ± 0.1 mg L −1 ), ferulic (132.4 ± 0.4 mg L −1 ) and chlorogenic (131.2 ± 1.7 mg L −1 ) acids, representing about 18%, 17%, 15% and 15% of the total phenolic composition, respectively.…”