Layered Encryption for Scalable Video Coding

Li, Chunhua; Yuan, Chun; Zhong, Yuzhuo

doi:10.1109/cisp.2009.5302934

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…Park et al [29] proposed a scheme for partial encryption of H.264/SVC in which the IPM, MVD and texture sign bits were encrypted. However, encryption of the IPM information in studies [20,21,42] and [29] affects compression efficiency by degrading the video statistics. A low-quality free preview application was developed in [23] by performing transparent encryption/conditional access on the H.264/SVC layers.…”

Section: Prior Research On H264 Encryptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The scheme only encrypts the residual data, which raises questions about the security of the video content. Li et al [20,21] [20] and the IPM along with signs of textures for the base layer [21] by means of the stream cipher Leak Extraction (LEX) algorithm. Park et al [29] proposed a scheme for partial encryption of H.264/SVC in which the IPM, MVD and texture sign bits were encrypted.…”

Section: Prior Research On H264 Encryptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sufficient encryption based on entropy coding syntax elements of H.264/SVC

Asghar

Ghanbari

Fleury

et al. 2014

Multimed Tools Appl

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While much attention has been paid to securing the transmission of single-layer video, multi-layer scalable video also deserves consideration. This paper presents a sufficient encryption (SE) scheme for the H.264 Scalable Video Coding (SVC) extension that maintains the compression efficiency and the decoder format compliancy of the bitstream, without compromising its confidentiality. SE is achieved by applying encryption of carefully selected codewords or bin-strings of the Context-Adaptive Variable-Length Coding (CAVLC) and Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) entropy coders respectively. The selection of exactly what to encrypt is what distinguishes this contribution from that of others. The performance of the scheme is tested on sequences with varying spatial resolutions, thus demonstrating the advantages of the scheme when compared to alternative techniques. These advantages include: minimal computational delay by encrypting partial data; no bit-rate escalation by keeping the compression ratio unchanged; and format compliancy of the bit-stream at the decoder. The detailed security and comparative evaluation of the scheme confirms that it is suitable for commercial, real-time applications. As there is a minimal increase in processing requirements, the scheme is highly suitable for video distribution to users who have subscribed to differing video qualities on end systems ranging from small handheld devices to those capable of high spatial resolutions and frame rates.

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Section: Prior Research On H264 Encryptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prior Research On H264 Encryptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sufficient encryption based on entropy coding syntax elements of H.264/SVC

Asghar

Ghanbari

Fleury

et al. 2014

Multimed Tools Appl

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“…Li et al [26], [27] devised an NAL level selective encryption technique for H.264/SVC. The scheme encrypts the instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) pictures, sequence parameter set (SPS), picture parameter set (PPS) on individual NAL units [26] and intraprediction modes (IPM) with signs of textures for base layer [27] by using the stream cipher leak extraction (LEX) algorithm. The LEX uses three keys for each of the three NAL units.…”

Section: Prior Research On H264 Securitymentioning

confidence: 99%

An Efficient Security System for CABAC Bin-Strings of H.264/SVC

Asghar

Ghanbari

2013

IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol.

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The distribution of copyrighted scalable video content to differing digital devices requires protection during rendering and transmission. In this paper, we propose a complete security system for H.264/scalable video coding (SVC) video codec and present a solution for the bit-rate and format compliance problems by careful selection of entropy coder syntax elements (bin-strings) for selective encryption (SE), and the problem of managing multiple layer encryption keys for scalable video distribution. A standard key management protocol, multimedia Internet keying protocol, is implemented for the hierarchical key generation mechanism, in which a subscriber has only one encryption key to unlock all scalable layers that have been subscribed to. The evaluation demonstrates the resulting video quality degradation arising from SE for many CIF and 4CIF test video sequences, without there being any impact upon the bitrate or format compliancy, and with small computational delay. The security and statistical analysis performed further verify the effectiveness of the proposed security system for H.264/SVC. The proposed system is highly suitable for video distribution to users who have subscribed to a varying degree of video quality on devices with medium to high computational resources.Index Terms-AES-CFB algorithm, context adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC), H.264/scalable video coding (SVC), key management, multimedia Internet keying protocol (MIKEY), security system.

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“…Partial encryption or selective encryption is one of the widely adopted approaches to strike a balance between security and performance. Examples of partial encryption techniques include [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. In contrast to full encryption algorithms whereby all content data are encrypted, partial encryption algorithms only encrypt those data which are considered important, e.g., the SVC base layers or Intra-coded blocks, while ignore other data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No Tradeoff between Confidentiality and Performance: An Analysis on H.264/SVC Partial Encryption

Zhuo¹,

Ding²,

Deng³

et al. 2012

Communications and Multimedia Security

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Abstract. Partial encryption is often used as a tradeoff between security and performance to protect scalable video data. In this paper, we argue that although partial encryption is strong enough for access control, it is not adequate for content confidentiality protection. We conduct experiments to show that partially encrypted H.264/SVC (scalable video coding) streams leak significant content information from the enhancement layers in all three scalability dimensions. Our analysis concludes that such leakage is caused by the underlying coding techniques used in H.264/SVC, and all layers should be encrypted to protect confidential video streams.

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Layered Encryption for Scalable Video Coding

Cited by 14 publications

References 4 publications

Sufficient encryption based on entropy coding syntax elements of H.264/SVC

Sufficient encryption based on entropy coding syntax elements of H.264/SVC

An Efficient Security System for CABAC Bin-Strings of H.264/SVC

No Tradeoff between Confidentiality and Performance: An Analysis on H.264/SVC Partial Encryption

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