Layered double hydroxides derived from waste for highly efficient electrocatalytic water splitting: Challenges and implications towards circular economy driven green energy

Research progress on layered metal oxide electrocatalysts for an efficient oxygen evolution reaction

“…68 However, attention to the pervasive issue of heavy metal leaching, commonly associated with LOM, proves challenging. 69 For example, Ge et al synthesized an excellent OER catalyst by loading single-atom Ir sites onto layered MnO 2 . More precisely, the introduction of single Ir atoms triggers the activation of lattice oxygen.…”

Ruthenium nanoparticles decorated with surface hydroxyl and borate species boost overall seawater splitting via increased hydrophilicity

“…19–21 For example, transition-metal hydroxides and reconstructed hydroxides formed by many metals/oxides are considered to be the actual electrocatalytic sites for water splitting. 22–24 Moreover, owing to their negative charge and water affinity, hydroxyl species can prevent Cl − adsorption and consequent electrocatalyst corrosion. 25–27 Unfortunately, the observation that Ru–OH formation occurs only on the surfaces of Ru oxides suggests that the introduction of stable hydroxyl on the metal Ru cannot be performed by using well-known methods such as steam-thermal treatment and alkaline hydro-/solvo-thermal synthesis.…”

Future Green Energy: A Global Analysis

“…Some consumers may see a considerable increase in their energy costs as a result, and more households may find it difficult to make ends meet. High initial costs, incompatibility with current electrical systems, malfunctions due to electromagnetic interference, increased electronic waste and environmental impact, inefficiency in unfavorable network conditions, and the inability to reduce energy bills alone are other drawbacks of smart energy meters [7].…”