Layered and Spinel Structural Cathodes

Abstract

Layered and spinel materials have been used successfully as intercalation-type cathode active materials in commercial Li-ion batteries. The physical and chemical properties, electrochemical reactions, structure evolution mechanisms, stability and safety issues have been widely investigated. Based on comprehensive fundamental researches, since 1980s, their electrochemical performances are improved continuous after various modifications, such as doping, surface coating, forming solid solution and composite, controlling morphology, size and crystallinity. Here, basic features of layered and spinel materials are summarized.

A holistic review on the synthesis techniques of spinel structured lithium cobalt manganese tetroxide

“…Spinel structured LiCoMnO4 which exhibit inherently high reduction potential could prospectively be developed into practical cathode for next generation lithium-ion batteries with attributes such as voltage output and energy density enhanced especially with the breakthrough of solid-state ionic conductor or liquidus electrolyte with high chemical and thermodynamic stability in the near future [54,70,71]. Moreover, LiCoMnO4 cathode could also be potentially paired with lithium titanate anode instead of conventional graphite or lithium to harvest the benefits of fast charging capability yet without compromising on the energy density and safety of the electrochemical system in complete cell format [44].…”

“…Several isostructural derivatives which often being abbreviated as LiMxOy were subsequently developed to address performance limitations, cost effectiveness and long-term sustainability issues faced by LiCoO2 as the global demand for lithium-ion batteries increases [26]. Lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2) exhibit better cycling stability [42] as well as capable of delivering higher magnitude of practical capacity and operating voltage as compared against LiCoO2 [41,43], while lithium manganese oxide (LiMnO2) is cost effective, environmentally benign and offer higher safety factor due to better thermodynamic stability especially with predomination of orthorhombic crystal over monoclinic lattice [38,44].…”

Effect of conductive carbon additives and negative/positive capacity ratio on graphite/LiFePO4 full‐cells performance

“…Additionally, LFP has a discharge plateau voltage of around 3.45 V (vs Li + /Li) and a theoretical Cap spe of 170 mAh g −1 2 . The cycle life of LFP is 1000 to 20 000 cycles, higher than LCO (500‐1000 cycles), NCA (500‐2000 cycles), LMO, and NMC (500‐3000 cycles) 3 . However, its disadvantages consist of poor electrical conductivity and ionic diffusion (10 −9 S cm −1 and 10 −16 to 10 −13 cm 2 s −1 , respectively) compared with layered and spinel materials 4 which dramatically decrease in Cap spe during high‐rate cycling.…”