Lay inferences of personality traits: The role of behaviour prototypicality and between‐trait differences

Wojciszke, Bogdan; Pienkowski, Ryszard; Maroszek, Andrzej; Brycz, Hanna; Ratajczak, Mariusz Z.

doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420230304

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In order to measure the importance of morality in the self-description a List of Traits was used (Wojciszke et al 1993 ). This presents 23 traits, 8 of which refer to competence (e.g.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of the Activation of Money and Credit Card vs. that of Activation of Spirituality – Which One Prompts Pro-Social Behaviours?

Wierzbicki

Zawadzka

2014

Curr Psychol

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Pro-social behaviours may be prompted or inhibited depending on the situation. Numerous experiments show that, when exposed to the idea of money, people are less willing to help, devote their time or share their resources with others (Vohs et al. Science, 314, 1154–1156, 2006, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(3), 208–212, 2008). Conversely, when exposed to the idea of spirituality, they often cheat less and are more willing to help others (Mazar and Ariely Journal of Marketing Research, 45, 633–644, 2008; Randolph-Seng and Nielsen The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 17(4), 303–315, 2007). The aim of this article is to present the results of two experiments in which we activated thoughts about money, i.e. both cash and credit cards, and thoughts about spirituality in order to find out in what way these two kinds of activation may influence pro-social behaviours. In experiment 1, participants, when reminded of money, offered lower donations to others whereas those reminded of spirituality offered higher donations. In experiment 2, those participants reminded of money offered to devote less time to help others whereas those reminded of spirituality offered to devote more time to help others.

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“…In order to measure the importance of morality in the self-description a List of Traits was used (Wojciszke et al 1993 ). This presents 23 traits, 8 of which refer to competence (e.g.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to measure the importance of morality in self-description, the same List of Traits was used as in study 1 (Wojciszke et al 1993 ). The level of the importance of moral traits in self-description was demonstrated by cumulative importance rates of all moral traits included in the List.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of the Activation of Money and Credit Card vs. that of Activation of Spirituality – Which One Prompts Pro-Social Behaviours?

Wierzbicki

Zawadzka

2014

Curr Psychol

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“…Warmth judgments may also be made more quickly than competence judgments (94). Researchers suggest this pattern may occur because warmth more reliably indicates potential costs and benefits associated with interacting with another person (93, 95). Warmth’s primacy makes sense from an evolutionary perspective, as its detection separates foe from friend, potential harm from potential help (15, 94) and must be made most rapidly in order to effectively prepare to fight or flee.…”

Section: What Are the Key Dimensions Of Patient–provider Interactions?mentioning

confidence: 99%

When Your Doctor “Gets It” and “Gets You”: The Critical Role of Competence and Warmth in the Patient–Provider Interaction

2019

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Background: Research demonstrates that the placebo effect can influence the effectiveness of medical treatments and accounts for a significant proportion of healing in many conditions. However, providers may differ in the degree to which they consciously or unconsciously leverage the forces that produce placebo effects in clinical practice. Some studies suggest that the manner in which providers interact with patients shapes the magnitude of placebo effects, but this research has yet to distill the specific dimensions of patient–provider interactions that are most likely to influence placebo response and the mechanisms through which aspects of patient–provider interactions impact placebo response. Methods: We offer a simplifying and unifying framework in which interactions that boost placebo response can be dissected into two key dimensions: patients’ perceptions of competence , or whether a doctor “gets it” (i.e., displays of efficiency, knowledge, and skill), and patients’ perceptions of warmth , or whether a doctor “gets me” (i.e., displays of personal engagement, connection, and care for the patient). Results: First, we discuss how this framework builds on past research in psychology on social perception of competence and warmth and in medical literature on models of effective medical care, patient satisfaction, and patient–provider interactions. Then we consider possible mechanisms through which competence and warmth may affect the placebo response in healthcare. Finally, we share original data from patients and providers highlighting how this framework applies to healthcare. Both patient and provider data illustrate actionable ways providers can demonstrate competence and warmth to patients. Discussion: We conclude with recommendations for how researchers and practitioners alike can more systematically consider the role of provider competence and warmth in patient–provider interactions to deepen our understanding of placebo effects and, ultimately, enable providers to boost placebo effects alongside active medications (i.e., with known medical ingredients) and treatment in clinical care.

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“…Traits were chosen from The List of Traits (Wojciszke, Pieńkowski, Maroszek, Brycz, & Ratajczak, 1993) as follows: -5 dishonest to +5 honest; -5 disloyal to +5 loyal; -5 unjust to +5 just; -5 irresponsible to +5 responsible; -5 hostile to +5 friendly; -5 selfish to +5 unselfish; and global evaluation -5 bad to +5 good. All morality traits were summarized and divided by the number of traits.…”

Section: Dependent Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perception of One’s Own and Another’s Behaviors Related to MoralityDoes Self-accuracy Matter?

Brycz¹

2011

JPR

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Two independent studies examined judgments of ones' own vs. others' sins and virtues (Study 1) as well as ones' own vs. others' holy failures and sinful successes (Study 2). Comparison of actor's vs. observer's evaluations of free recalled event pertained to morality domain showed a negativity bias in observer's estimations. What interesting is that participants were able to assess their own sin as severely as observers did in two conditions: no cognitive load and concentration on own sin (Study 1), and cognitive load with suppression of competent aspect of sinful success (Study 2). The findings are discussed within Wegner's (1994), Baumeister and Vohs's (2004) ego depletion theories and Garcia-Marques, Hamilton, and Maddox's (2002) TRAP (twofold retrieval by associative pathways) model.

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Lay inferences of personality traits: The role of behaviour prototypicality and between‐trait differences

Abstract: In Study I ,

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

The Effects of the Activation of Money and Credit Card vs. that of Activation of Spirituality – Which One Prompts Pro-Social Behaviours?

The Effects of the Activation of Money and Credit Card vs. that of Activation of Spirituality – Which One Prompts Pro-Social Behaviours?

When Your Doctor “Gets It” and “Gets You”: The Critical Role of Competence and Warmth in the Patient–Provider Interaction

Perception of One’s Own and Another’s Behaviors Related to MoralityDoes Self-accuracy Matter?

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