Lay beliefs about the causes and cures of schizophrenia

Park, Subin; Lee, Minji; Furnham, Adrian; Jeon, Mina; Ko, Young-Mi

doi:10.1177/0020764017717283

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The odds of seeking medical help for schizophrenia among students and unemployed were higher than farmers or housewives. This finding was supported by a study conducted in Saudi [ 6 ]. This might be due to as an individual's educational status increases their level of understanding about mental health improved and their perception towards mentally ill will become positive.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…The general population in different countries had a different perception of schizophrenia. However, people living in western countries focus mainly on biological such as genetics, disease of the brain, and infection, and social risk factors such as personal weakness [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. A study conducted in the united kingdom showed that emotional state could cause schizophrenia [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceived cause and determinants of help-seeking behavior of schizophrenia among Gondar Zuria district residents, Northwest Ethiopia

Mekonen

Kassie

Workneh

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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Introduction The cause of schizophrenia could be a genetic predisposition, environment, viral infections, exposure to poison substances, living in a highly-populated area, and prenatal exposure to hunger mainly in the first three months. Evidence showed that the perceived cause of schizophrenia is supernatural, biological, spiritual, and social causes. Studies in Ethiopia showed that most of the general population perceived the causes of schizophrenia as traditional and the help they seek ranges to medical, religious, and social. Objective This study aimed to assess perceived cause and determinants of help-seeking behavior of schizophrenia among Gondar Zuria district residents, 2020 Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 3 to 25, 2020. A simple random sampling technique was employed to select 435 study participants. Data were collected through a face-to-face interview, entered into EPI DATA version 3, and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were employed to identify factors significantly associated with help-seeking behavior for schizophrenia. Statistical significance was declared at p-value < 0.05 with 95% confidence interval. Results Nearly two-thirds (63.8%), the majority (90.8%), and more than half (52.5%) of the participants seek medical, religious, and social help for schizophrenia respectively. Being student (AOR = 3.43; 95% CI: 1.44, 8.15), unemployed (AOR = 4.87; 95% CI: 1.4, 16.40), perceived biological cause (AOR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.89), perceived religious cause (AOR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.80), and perceived social cause (AOR = 2.05; 95% CI: 1.29, 3.25) were significantly associated with medical help seeking. Attending primary school (AOR = 0.17; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.76), employed (AOR = 0.12; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.64), perceived religious cause (AOR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.06, 5.11) were significantly associated with religious help. Being in the age group of 18–24 years (AOR = 3.5; 95% CI: 1.33, 9.18) and 25–44 years (AOR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.03, 3.68) were significantly associated with social intervention. Conclusion Nearly two-thirds, the majority, and more than half of the respondents seek medical, religious, and social help for schizophrenia respectively. Being student, unemployed, perceived biological case, and perceived social cause increases the odds of seeking medical help while perceived religious cause decreases it. Being unemployed, attending primary school decreases the odds of seeking religious help whereas perceived religious cause increases it. Young adults have higher odds of social help-seeking behavior. It is better to create awareness for the community and consider integrating religious and social interventions into medical interventions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived cause and determinants of help-seeking behavior of schizophrenia among Gondar Zuria district residents, Northwest Ethiopia

Mekonen

Kassie

Workneh

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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“…Here, we will first discuss the possible causes of schizophrenia symptoms and how knowing them can lead to a successful holistic management of the disorder. There is no single cause of schizophrenia though several factors have been identified (Park, Lee, Furnham, Jeon, & Ko, 2017). As mentioned above, the probability of developing schizophrenia was found to be larger in males than females (Aleman et al, 2003;McGrath et al, 2008).…”

Section: Possible Causes Of Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 91%

A Survey Towards Holistic Management of Schizophrenia

Ganguly¹,

Moustafa²

2018

JPR

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Holistic management of schizophrenia involves main stream pharmacological intervention, complimentary medicine intervention, therapeutic intervention, and other psychosocial factors, such as accommodation, education, job training, employment, relationship, friendship, exercise, overall well-being, smoking, substance abuse, suicide prevention, stigmatisation, recreation, entertainment, violent behaviour, arrangement of public trusteeship and guardianship, day-day-living skill, integration with community, management of overweight due to medications, and other health complications related to medications amongst others. Our review shows that there is no integrated survey by combining all these factors. We are conducting an international web based survey to evaluate the significance of all these factors and present them in a unified manner. We believe this investigation will contribute positively towards holistic management of schizophrenia. There will be two surveys. In the pharmacological intervention survey, five popular drugs for schizophrenia will be chosen and their efficacy as well as harmful side effects will be evaluated in a scale of 0-10. This survey will be done by psychiatrists. In the second survey, each element of therapeutic intervention and psychosocial factors will be evaluated according to their significance in a scale of 0-10. This survey will be done by care givers, psychologists, case managers, and case workers. For the first survey, we will contact the professional bodies of the psychiatrists in English speaking countries and request them to ask their members to participate in the survey. For the second survey, we will contact the professional bodies of clinical psychologist and care givers in English speaking countries and request them to ask their members to participate in the survey. Additionally for both the surveys, we will contact the relevant professionals through personal contact networks. For both the surveys, mean, mode, median, standard deviation, and net promoter score will be calculated for each factor and presented then in a statistically significant manner. Subsequently, each factor will be ranked according to their statistical significance. Additionally, country specific variation will be highlighted to identify the variation pattern. The results of these surveys will identify the relative significance of each type of pharmacological intervention, each type of therapeutic intervention, and each type of psychosocial factor. The determination of this relative importance will definitely contribute to the improvement in quality of life for individuals with schizophrenia.

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“…Moreover, only about 20% among those diagnosed with a mental disorder received help from a mental health professional [2], which is much lower than the rate observed in New Zealand (38.9%), the U.S. (43.1%), Spain (35.5%), Belgium (39.5%), and Australia (34.9%) [34][35][36]. Moreover, a previous study [37] emphasized the need for education on etiology and treatment regarding schizophrenia in Korea to guide patients to use mental health services. Further, sex and personality traits should be considered when providing education to promote help-seeking behavior [38].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

The cost-of-illness trend of schizophrenia in South Korea from 2006 to 2016

Kim

Rim

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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Globally, about one in four people develop a psychiatric disorder during their lifetime. Specifically, the lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is about 0.48%, and schizophrenia can have detrimental effects on a patient’s life. Therefore, estimating the economic burden of schizophrenia is important. We investigated the cost-of-illness trend of schizophrenia in South Korea from 2006 to 2016. The cost-of-illness trend was estimated from a societal perspective using a prevalence-based approach for direct costs and a human capital approach for indirect costs. We utilized information from the following sources: 1) National Health Insurance Service, 2) Korean Statistical Information Service, Statistics Korea, 3) the National Survey of Persons with Disabilities, 4) Budget and Fund Operation Plan, Ministry of Justice, 5) Budget and Fund Operation Plan, Ministry of Health and Welfare, and 6) annual reports from the National Mental Health Welfare Commission. Direct healthcare costs, direct non-healthcare costs, and indirect costs by sex and age group were calculated along with sensitivity analyses of the estimates. The cost-of-illness of schizophrenia in Korea steadily increased from 2006 to 2016, with most costs being indirect costs. Individuals in their 40s and 50s accounted for most of the direct and indirect costs. Among indirect costs, the costs due to unemployment were most prevalent. Our estimation implies that schizophrenia is associated with a vast cost-of-illness in Korea. Policymakers, researchers, and physicians need to put effort into shortening the duration of untreated psychosis, guide patients to receive community-care-based services rather than hospital-based services and empower lay people to learn about schizophrenia.

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Lay beliefs about the causes and cures of schizophrenia

Cited by 9 publications

References 25 publications

Perceived cause and determinants of help-seeking behavior of schizophrenia among Gondar Zuria district residents, Northwest Ethiopia

Perceived cause and determinants of help-seeking behavior of schizophrenia among Gondar Zuria district residents, Northwest Ethiopia

A Survey Towards Holistic Management of Schizophrenia

The cost-of-illness trend of schizophrenia in South Korea from 2006 to 2016

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