Lawless space theory for online child sexual exploitation material offending

Steel, Chad M. S.; Newman, Emily; O’Rourke, Suzanne; Quayle, Ethel

doi:10.1016/j.avb.2022.101809

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 134 publications

(131 reference statements)

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“…The most notable feature of participants' online behaviour is the general lack of sophisticated technical expertise revealed. The findings are consistent with those of Steel et al (2023) which describe most CSAM offenders as 'casual users' of the Internet with a skill level commensurate with that of the general population. Relatively few participants sought CSAM on the dark web, which offers far greater levels on anonymity than that provided by P2P and the open web.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Just under half of participants said that they spent in excess of 10 h per week accessing CSAM. Steel et al (2021Steel et al ( , 2022aSteel et al ( , 2023 reported the findings from an online survey of 78 adults convicted of CSAM offences in the US. Steel et al (2021) examined collecting behaviour of participants.…”

Section: Online Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most common security strategies were deleting browsing history (86 %), erasing the hard drive or storage device (26 %), using a VPN (26 %), creating accounts with a fake name (26 %) and encrypting files (18 %). Finally, Steel et al (2023) examined participants' technical abilities. The largest group of participants (44%) rated themselves as 'casual users', defined as the 'ability to use most computer services and technologies without assistance', while around a third rated themselves as 'power users' who 'frequently use most computing technologies'.…”

Section: Online Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, youth-on-youth victimisation tends to peak after schools close in the afternoon as large numbers of potential victims and aggressors spill onto the streets (Snyder et al, 1996). RAA portrays the Internet as a 'lawless space' lacking in effective guardianship (Steel et al, 2023), and predicts that CSAM offending will be fitted around the opportunities that arise in the course of the offender's daily routines (McMahan et al, 2023;Navarro & Jasinski, 2015;Steel et al, 2023). For example, we would expect offending to peak at times when an individual finds themself at home alone.…”

Section: Csam Routine Activities and Situational Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Accessing child sexual abuse material: Pathways to offending and online behaviour

Wortley,

Findlater,

Bailey

et al. 2024

CrimRxiv

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Background: Most research examining the consumption of online child sexual abuse material (CSAM) has focused on offenders' demographic and psychological characteristics. While such research may assist in the development of therapeutic interventions with known offenders, it has little to offer the development of interventions for the vast majority of offenders who are never caught.Objective: To learn more about the offending strategies of CSAM offenders, in order to inform prevention efforts to deter, disrupt, and divert individuals from their pursuit of CSAM.Participants & setting: Seventy-five male CSAM offenders, who were living in the community and were voluntarily participating in a treatment programme. Methods: Participants completed a detailed self-report questionnaire focussing on their pathways to offending and their online behaviour. Results: Most participants reported that they did not initially seek out CSAM but that they first encountered it inadvertently or became curious after viewing legal pornography. Their involvement in CSAM subsequently progressed over time and their offending generally became more serious. The most notable feature of participants' online behaviour was the relative lack of sophisticated technical expertise. Opportunity and other situational factors emerged as mediators of offending frequency. Offending patterns were affected by participants' psychological states (e.g., depression, anger, stress), offline relationships and commitments (e.g., arguments with spouse, loss of job), and online experiences (e.g., blocked sites, viruses, warning messages). Conclusions: Findings suggest that many offenders are receptive to change and may be potentially diverted from their offending pathway.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Online Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Online Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Csam Routine Activities and Situational Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Accessing child sexual abuse material: Pathways to offending and online behaviour

Wortley,

Findlater,

Bailey

et al. 2024

CrimRxiv

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Ein erst jüngst veröffentlichtes Erklärungsmodell, das sich spezifisch mit den Besonderheiten des technischen Nutzerverhaltens bei DSKM-Nutzern befasst, ist die Lawless Space Theory (Steel et al 2022) Obwohl DSKM-Täter über längere Beobachtungszeiträume hinweg heterogene Verläufe ihrer Delinquenz aufwiesen, zeigte sich in einer kürzlich veröffentlichten Studie, dass DSKM-Delikte selten die ersten Delikte waren, mit denen DSKM-Nutzer polizeilich auffällig wurden, was den möglichst frühen Einsatz kriminalpräventiver Interventionen nahelegt, um (auch) späterer DSKM-Nutzung vorzubeugen (Babchishin et al 2022). Insgesamt kann festgehalten werden, dass DSKM-Nutzung einen validen Indikator zum einen für sexuelles Interesse an Kindern und andere atypische sexuelle Interessen und zum anderen für generelle Probleme mit der sexuellen Funktionsfähigkeit darstellt.…”

Section: Erklärungsversuche Aus äTiologischer Perspektiveunclassified

Konsum von Missbrauchsabbildungen: Prävalenz, Ätiologie, Fallpriorisierung und Prognose

Lehmann

Babchishin

Schmidt

2023

Forens Psychiatr Psychol Kriminol

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ZusammenfassungDer Konsum von Missbrauchsabbildungen hat sich im Hellfeld in den letzten Jahren immer wieder verdoppelt. Dieses erhöhte Fallaufkommen stellt Polizei, Bewährungshilfe und forensische Therapeuten vor eine Vielzahl neuer Herausforderungen. In diesem Beitrag sollen daher aktuelle theoretische Modelle und empirische Erkenntnisse dargestellt werden, um Praktiker in ihrer täglichen Arbeit zu unterstützen. Im Einzelnen sollen das Ausmaß der Problematik und ätiologische Erklärungsmodelle dargestellt werden. Darauffolgend werden empirische Erkenntnisse zu Konsumenten von Missbrauchsabbildungen aufgeführt und diese mit Tätern, die zusätzlich auch Hands-On-Delikte begehen, verglichen. Ferner wird die Problematik von „Crossover“-Tätern diskutiert. Abschließend werden Ansätze vorgestellt, um Fälle in der polizeilichen Ermittlungsarbeit zu priorisieren sowie um das Rückfallrisiko von Konsumenten von Missbrauchsabbildungen vorherzusagen.

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Why do users continue to contribute to darknet Child Sexual Abuse Material forums? Examining social exchange, social capital, and social learning explanations using digital forensic artifacts

Blokland,

Daser,

de Boer

et al. 2024

Child Abuse & Neglect

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Lawless space theory for online child sexual exploitation material offending

Cited by 7 publications

References 134 publications

Accessing child sexual abuse material: Pathways to offending and online behaviour

Accessing child sexual abuse material: Pathways to offending and online behaviour

Konsum von Missbrauchsabbildungen: Prävalenz, Ätiologie, Fallpriorisierung und Prognose

Why do users continue to contribute to darknet Child Sexual Abuse Material forums? Examining social exchange, social capital, and social learning explanations using digital forensic artifacts

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