Laundry Detergency of Solid Non-Particulate Soil Using Microemulsion-Based Formulation

Extended Surfactants Including an Alkoxylated Central Part Intermediate Producing a Gradual Polarity Transition—A Review of the Properties Used in Applications Such as Enhanced Oil Recovery and Polar Oil Solubilization in Microemulsions

“…As far as detergency is concerned, many mixtures have been proposed too, but with no general rules could be determined (Attaphong and Sabatini, 2017;Chanwattanakit and Chavadej, 2018;Do et al, 2015;Huibers and Shah, 1997;Smith et al, 2004). The main goal seems to be of taking advantage of the solubilization provided by the extended surfactant, which is added in a small amount (probably because of the price) in the cleaning formulas, or to follow the Miñana's original proposals for cosmetics (Miñana-Pérez, 1993) with only 10 or 20% of extended surfactants.…”

Detergency mechanisms and cellulosic surfaces: A review

“…Compared to conventional surfactants, extended surfactants have been found to be more effective in the formation of microemulsions. Moreover, these microemulsions have been found to have much higher capacity to solubilize oil and to promote much lower interfacial tension (Dillan et al 1979;Miñana-Perez et al 1995;Kaewpukpa et al 2008;Witthayapanyanon et al 2008;Phan et al 2010;Acosta et al 2012;Hammond and Acosta 2012;Budhathoki et al 2016;Attaphong and Sabatini 2017;Chanwattanakit and Chavadej 2018;Salager et al 2019). This ability to form very small phase entities implies that the extended surfactants are able to achieve very low interfacial tensions.…”

“…According to Sanders and Lambert (1950), one of the most traditional forms of simulated dirt, for the purposes of assessing detergent formulation, is a hydrophobic mixture of carbon black and fat. As will be discussed later, different mechanisms of soil removal appear to be dominant depending on whether the solid materials, including the dirt, are hydrophilic or hydrophobic (Chanwattanakit and Chavadej 2018). According to Chanwattanakit et al (2019), the effectiveness of detergency is often highly correlated to the contact angle of a detergent solution on the surfaces being considered.…”

“…As will be seen later in this article, whether the dirt can be described as liquid or solid can make a difference in terms of the detergency mechanisms and the strategies that are likely to be effective. Such issues are essentially about the melting point or the softening point of a continuous phase within the dirt (Chanwattanakit et al 2017;Chanwattanakit and Chavadej 2018). Some common components of dirt present on soiled fabric will tend to be more solid-like under conditions of cold-water washing (Phaodee et al 2019).…”

“…Many studies have shown that the effectiveness of detergent systems is often maximized under conditions leading to a minimization of interfacial surface tension (Salager et al 1979;Dillan et al 1980;Aveyard et al 1985;Srivastava et al 2006;Tanthakit et al 2008Tanthakit et al , 2010Do et al 2015;Budhathoki et al 2016;Chanwattanakit et al 2017;Chanwattanakit and Chavadej 2018;Phaodee et al 2020). This makes sense because it is required to create additional exposed surface area each time that a dirt particle or droplet is released from molecular content with a substrate.…”