Laufen und Stehen der Stabheuschrecke Carausius morosus: Sinnesborstenfelder in den Beingelenken als Glieder von Regelkreisen

Wendler, Gernot

doi:10.1007/bf00297860

Cited by 254 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This experiment was performed with legs 3, 4, and 5. This result shows that the cyclic movement of a walking leg can be interrupted during the power stroke; this was earlier shown to be the case in the stick insect Carausius morosus (Wendler, 1964). The experimental situation was then changed so that the platform was not fixed but was slowly moved backwards (24 times slower than the other legs walking on the treadmill).…”

Section: Position Measurementssupporting

confidence: 61%

The control of walking movements in the leg of the rock lobster

1983

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Abstract. 1. Experiments with rock lobsters walking on a treadmill were undertaken to obtain information upon the system controlling the movement of the legs. Results show that the position of the leg is an important parameter affecting the cyclic movement of the walking leg. Stepping can be interrupted when the geometrical conditions for terminating either a return stroke or a power stroke are not fullfilled. 2. The mean value of anterior and posterior extreme positions (AEP and PEP respectively) of the walking legs do not depend on the walking speed (Fig. 1). 3. When one leg is isolated from the other walking legs by placing it on a platform the AEPs and PEPs of the other legs show a broader distribution compared to controls (Figs. 2 and 3). 4. Force measurements (Fig. 4) are in agreement with the hypothesis that the movement of the leg is controlled by a position servomechanism. 5. When one leg stands on a stationary force transducer this leg develops forces which oscillate with the step rhythm of the other legs (Fig. 5). 6. A posteriorly directed influence is found, by which the return stroke of a leg can be started when the anterior leg performs a backward directed movement. 7. Results are compared with those obtained from stick insects. The systems controlling the movement of the individual leg are similar in both, lobster and stick insect but the influences between the legs seem to be considerably different.

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Section: Position Measurementssupporting

confidence: 61%

The control of walking movements in the leg of the rock lobster

1983

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“…swing) remained unchanged (figure 5d ). Also in freely moving animals, a short cycle period contributes to high walking speeds, and the decrease in cycle period is mainly due to a decrease in stance duration (Wendler 1964;Graham 1972).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of stepping velocity in a single insect leg during walking

Gabriel

Büschges

2006

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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In the single middle leg preparation of the stick insect walking on a treadmill, the activity of flexor and extensor tibiae motor neurons and muscles, which are responsible for the movement of the tibia in stance and swing phases, respectively, was investigated with respect to changes in stepping velocity. Changes in stepping velocity were correlated with cycle period. There was a close correlation of flexor motor neuron activity (stance phase) with stepping velocity, but the duration and activation of extensor motor neurons (swing phase) was not altered. The depolarization of flexor motor neurons showed two components. At all step velocities, a stereotypic initial depolarization was generated at the beginning of stance phase activity. A subsequent larger depolarization and activation was tightly linked to belt velocity, i.e. it occurred earlier and with larger amplitude during fast steps compared with slow steps. Alterations in a tonic background excitation appear not to play a role in controlling the motor neuron activity for changes in stepping velocity. Our results indicate that in the single insect leg during walking, mechanisms for altering stepping velocity become effective only during an already ongoing stance phase motor output. We discuss the putative mechanisms involved.

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“…At stance end, C. morosus ' middle legs are retracted far behind the thorax-coxa joint rest positions shown in Figure 1 (Wendler, 1964;Cruse and Bartling, 1995). One might therefore predict that C. morosus protractor motor neurons would not need fire at swing beginning because the initial portion of swing could occur from passive muscle forces alone.…”

Section: Use Of Gravity-independent Rest Positions In Movement Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Control of Unloaded Leg Posture and of Leg Swing in Stick Insect, Cockroach, and Mouse Differs from That in Larger Animals

Hooper¹,

Guschlbauer²,

Blümel³

et al. 2009

J. Neurosci.

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Stick insect (Carausius morosus) leg muscles contract and relax slowly. Control of stick insect leg posture and movement could therefore differ from that in animals with faster muscles. Consistent with this possibility, stick insect legs maintained constant posture without leg motor nerve activity when the animals were rotated in air. That unloaded leg posture was an intrinsic property of the legs was confirmed by showing that isolated legs had constant, gravity-independent postures. Muscle ablation experiments, experiments showing that leg muscle passive forces were large compared with gravitational forces, and experiments showing that, at the rest postures, agonist and antagonist muscles generated equal forces indicated that these postures depended in part on leg muscles. Leg muscle recordings showed that stick insect swing motor neurons fired throughout the entirety of swing. To test whether these results were specific to stick insect, we repeated some of these experiments in cockroach (Periplaneta americana) and mouse. Isolated cockroach legs also had gravityindependent rest positions and mouse swing motor neurons also fired throughout the entirety of swing. These data differ from those in human and horse but not cat. These size-dependent variations in whether legs have constant, gravity-independent postures, in whether swing motor neurons fire throughout the entirety of swing, and calculations of how quickly passive muscle force would slow limb movement as limb size varies suggest that these differences may be caused by scaling. Limb size may thus be as great a determinant as phylogenetic position of unloaded limb motor control strategy.

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Laufen und Stehen der Stabheuschrecke Carausius morosus: Sinnesborstenfelder in den Beingelenken als Glieder von Regelkreisen

Cited by 254 publications

References 21 publications

The control of walking movements in the leg of the rock lobster

The control of walking movements in the leg of the rock lobster

Control of stepping velocity in a single insect leg during walking

Neural Control of Unloaded Leg Posture and of Leg Swing in Stick Insect, Cockroach, and Mouse Differs from That in Larger Animals

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