Latitudinal variation of Saturn photochemistry deduced from spatially-resolved ultraviolet spectra

Vertical and meridional distribution of ethane, acetylene and propane in Saturn’s stratosphere from CIRS/Cassini limb observations

“…Water and carbon dioxide have been detected in Saturn's stratosphere , but only from planetary-averaged observations. Prangé et al (2006) tentatively identified a water abundance at 41°S higher than anywhere else on the planet, but they acknowledged that their measurements were ambiguous.…”

“…Recent spatially resolved observations at several latitudes have revealed part of Saturn's hydrocarbon meridional distribution (Ollivier et al (2000a), Prangé et al (2006), Howett et al (2007) and Greathouse et al (2005a)). …”

Theoretical investigation of the ethylene dimer: Interaction energy and dipole moment

“…Moreover, ethylene dimer is of particular interest for astrophysical applications. These complexes may exist in the atmospheres of giant planets (Jupiter, [4,5] Saturn, [6] Neptune, and Uranus [7] ) and Saturn's satellite Titan, [8][9][10][11][12] and contribute to the IR absorption spectra of their atmospheres. Apparently, the history of quantum-mechanical calculations of the interaction energy of two ethylene molecules begins with the work of Hashimoto and Isobe.…”

Impacts of Cosmic Dust on Planetary Atmospheres and Surfaces

“…As reported by Feuchtgruber et al ( , 1999, all of the giant planets and Titan contain oxygen-bearing species (e.g., H 2 O, CO, CO 2 ) at levels typically too large to be explained by upwelling from the deep interior. Additionally, many other observations of external oxygen-bearing species at the giant planets have been reported, including at Jupiter (from both the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impact and background cosmic dust) (e.g., Prather et al 1978;Bergin et al 2000;Lellouch et al , 2006Cavalie et al 2008aCavalie et al , 2012Cavalie et al , 2013, Saturn (deGraauw et al 1997;Bergin et al 2000;Moses and Bass 2000;Prange et al 2006;Cavalie et al 2009;Abbas et al 2013), Uranus (Marten et al 1993;Encrenaz et al 2004;Cavalie et al 2008b;Cavalie et al 2014;, and Neptune (Marten et al 1993;Naylor et al 1994;Hesman et al 2007;Fletcher et al 2010;Luszcz-Cook and de Pater 2013;Irwin et al 2014). While each of the giant planets presents unique details with respect to the possible source(s) of the external oxygen and its subsequent chemical processing, observations across all four planets clearly demonstrate both internal and external sources.…”