Latinos and Representative Bureaucracy Testing the Thompson and Henderson Hypotheses<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">¹</xref>

Held Down and Held Back: Systematically Delayed Principal Promotions by Race and Gender

“…They also found a similar result for Hispanic 1 students, who are likely to be better represented in gifted programs when they are taught by teachers of color. Additionally, Meier (1993) found that where Latino students were in schools with Latino principals, students were less likely to be assigned to special education classes or to experience school discipline and more likely to be assigned to gifted programs than when they were with White principals. These studies indicate that there are clear benefits to students and teachers when there is diversity in school leadership.…”

Women in State Law Enforcement: An Exploratory Trend Analysis

“…For example, the Texas Department of Public Safety has taken it upon themselves to enforce federal immigration laws, and had a budget of $800 million in FY 2018-2019, due to the surge in presence of troopers on the Texas border beginning post-9/11 and post-formation of the Department of Homeland Security (Nathan, 2017). Hence, we argue that it is most pivotal that state law enforcement officers mirror the demographic composition of the general public they serve and strive to attain a "critical mass" of gender representation to overcome the effects of a nontraditional occupation (Meier, 1993). Therefore, an exploration of gender diversity in state law enforcement is necessary to establish a baseline of inquiry.…”

“…The first category includes studies conceptualizing demographic representation in law enforcement as a catalyst of bureaucratic judgment and discretion (active representation); and the second category includes studies conceptualizing demographic representation in law enforcement as a catalyst of citizen perception of the enforcing agencies (passive and symbolic representation). The underlying rationale driving this theorization asserts that bureaucratic discretion and judgement are a function of the bureaucrats' perceptions and principles which are in turn shaped by their demographic identities (Krislov & Rosenbloom, 1981;Meier, 1993;Saltzstein, 1979;Sowa & Selden, 2003). In the following sections of the paper, we present a review of scholarship across both these categories in public administration.…”

“…Scholars studying passive representation as a catalyst of active representation have observed institutional phenomena with the hope of linking the two and framing institutional variables that facilitate this transformation (Hindera, 1993;Hindera & Young, 1998;Keiser et al, 2002;Meier, 1993;Meier & Stewart, 1992;Meier et al, 1999;Selden, 1997;Selden et al, 1998;Sowa & Selden, 2003;Thielemann & Stewart, 1996). Keiser et al (2002) in their quest for institutional variables that provide necessary conditions for the transfer of passive gender representation to active gender representation find that increasing passive gender representation across bureaucratic strata and hierarchy has implications for the female clients of the bureaucracy.…”

Rookie Mistakes: The Interplay of Teacher Experience and Racial Representation

“…Teachers of color are underrepresented in schools in the United States (Ingersoll, 2013), a concerning fact given the large and growing body of research documenting a link between racial/ethnic representation among teachers and positive student outcomes for represented groups. Such outcomes include test scores, teacher assessment, suspensions, parental involvement, and assignment to gifted programs, among others (e.g., Dee, 2004, 2005; Egalite et al, 2015; Ehrenberg, Goldhaber, & Brewer, 1995; Gershenson et al, 2016; Grissom et al, 2009; Grissom et al, 2015; Holt & Gershenson, 2017; Meier, 1993; Nicholson-Crotty, Grissom, & Nicholson-Crotty, 2011; Ouazad, 2014; Vinopal, 2017).…”