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-(Articulated anastomosing laticifers -new records for Apocynaceae). Laticifer presence is universal in Apocynaceae, in the classic literature the type described for this family is the non-articulated. Later researches have proved the occurrence of articulated laticifers only in four species, giving rise to controversies on their origin. The results obtained in our studies differ from those reported for most species of this family. In both Aspidosperma australe Müll. Arg. (Rauvolfioideae) and Blepharodon bicuspidatum Fourn. (Asclepiadoideae), the laticifers are of the articulated anastomosing type because they are formed by adding cells with rapidly dissolving transverse walls. Laticifers originate from ground meristem and/or procambium and form a branched system, they are in secretory phase since the early stages of formation in different organs, releasing latex only when the plant is damaged. The laticifer walls are exclusively pectic-cellulosic and their chemical characteristics probably change during their development. Vegetative organ laticifers occur in all stem and leaf tissues, except epidermis and medullary parenchyma of A. australe. In the flower, laticifers are found in all floral organs, except in the medullary parenchyma of the pedicel of A. australe and in the ovules of both species. The presence of the same type of laticifer in these two genera, which represent the most divergent subfamilies within the Apocynaceae corroborates the current circumscription of this family. The latex has protective function, allowing the species of this family to succeed in different environments.Key words -anatomy, Apocynaceae, articulated laticifers, distribution, ontogeny RESUMO -(Laticíferos articulados anastomosados -novos registros para Apocynaceae). A presença de laticíferos é universal nas Apocynaceae e o tipo descrito nas obras clássicas de revisão para esta família é o não articulado. Pesquisas posteriores provaram a ocorrência de laticíferos articulados apenas em quatro espécies, suscitando controvérsias quanto à sua origem. Os resultados obtidos em nossos estudos divergem dos já publicados para a maioria das espécies da família. Tanto em Aspidosperma australe Müll. Arg. (Rauvolfioideae) quanto em Blepharodon bicuspidatum Fourn. (Asclepiadoideae), os laticíferos são articulados anastomosados e formados por adição de células, cujas paredes transversais dissolvem-se rapidamente. Eles originam-se a partir do meristema fundamental e/ou procâmbio, já estão em fase secretora desde o início de sua formação nos diferentes órgãos, constituindo um sistema ramificado e só liberam o látex se a planta for injuriada. As paredes dos laticíferos são exclusivamente pectocelulósicas e suas características químicas provavelmente se alteram durante o seu desenvolvimento. Os laticíferos dos órgãos vegetativos ocorrem em todos os tecidos do caule e da folha, com exceção da epiderme e do parênquima medular de A. australe. Na flor, eles são encontrados em todas as peças florais, exceto no parênquima medular do pedicelo de...
-(Articulated anastomosing laticifers -new records for Apocynaceae). Laticifer presence is universal in Apocynaceae, in the classic literature the type described for this family is the non-articulated. Later researches have proved the occurrence of articulated laticifers only in four species, giving rise to controversies on their origin. The results obtained in our studies differ from those reported for most species of this family. In both Aspidosperma australe Müll. Arg. (Rauvolfioideae) and Blepharodon bicuspidatum Fourn. (Asclepiadoideae), the laticifers are of the articulated anastomosing type because they are formed by adding cells with rapidly dissolving transverse walls. Laticifers originate from ground meristem and/or procambium and form a branched system, they are in secretory phase since the early stages of formation in different organs, releasing latex only when the plant is damaged. The laticifer walls are exclusively pectic-cellulosic and their chemical characteristics probably change during their development. Vegetative organ laticifers occur in all stem and leaf tissues, except epidermis and medullary parenchyma of A. australe. In the flower, laticifers are found in all floral organs, except in the medullary parenchyma of the pedicel of A. australe and in the ovules of both species. The presence of the same type of laticifer in these two genera, which represent the most divergent subfamilies within the Apocynaceae corroborates the current circumscription of this family. The latex has protective function, allowing the species of this family to succeed in different environments.Key words -anatomy, Apocynaceae, articulated laticifers, distribution, ontogeny RESUMO -(Laticíferos articulados anastomosados -novos registros para Apocynaceae). A presença de laticíferos é universal nas Apocynaceae e o tipo descrito nas obras clássicas de revisão para esta família é o não articulado. Pesquisas posteriores provaram a ocorrência de laticíferos articulados apenas em quatro espécies, suscitando controvérsias quanto à sua origem. Os resultados obtidos em nossos estudos divergem dos já publicados para a maioria das espécies da família. Tanto em Aspidosperma australe Müll. Arg. (Rauvolfioideae) quanto em Blepharodon bicuspidatum Fourn. (Asclepiadoideae), os laticíferos são articulados anastomosados e formados por adição de células, cujas paredes transversais dissolvem-se rapidamente. Eles originam-se a partir do meristema fundamental e/ou procâmbio, já estão em fase secretora desde o início de sua formação nos diferentes órgãos, constituindo um sistema ramificado e só liberam o látex se a planta for injuriada. As paredes dos laticíferos são exclusivamente pectocelulósicas e suas características químicas provavelmente se alteram durante o seu desenvolvimento. Os laticíferos dos órgãos vegetativos ocorrem em todos os tecidos do caule e da folha, com exceção da epiderme e do parênquima medular de A. australe. Na flor, eles são encontrados em todas as peças florais, exceto no parênquima medular do pedicelo de...
The opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) belongs to the group of latex-containing plants. Latex is the milky-like fluid within laticifer cells. In this study, poppy latex was analyzed with respect to ultrastructure, alkaloid, and protein content. The main goal of this project was the examination of the proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In a proteomics approach, we investigated two main fractions of the latex, namely the cytosolic serum and the sedimented fraction containing the alkaloid-accumulating vesicles. Of the serum, representing the protein-rich part of the latex, 75 spots were analyzed by internal peptide microsequencing, followed by a database searching. For 69 proteins a function could be assigned due to homology to known proteins, whereas six spots could not be identified. Furthermore, codeinone reductase, a representative of the specific enzyme system in morphine biosynthesis, could be detected within the cytosolic serum fraction. In the vesicle-containing pellet, 23 protein spots were analyzed. An attempt was also made to separate the vesicle pellet by density centrifugation, followed by investigation of the alkaloid content, ultrastructure, and protein pattern. This study describes the first database of soluble proteins present in the latex of P. somniferum
Introduction Historical Outline Discovery of Rubber and Improvement of Rubber Properties History of Rubber Trees and Rubber Plantations Latex of Hevea brasiliensis Composition of Hevea Latex Non‐Rubber Constituents of Hevea Latex Rubber Particles in Hevea Latex Rubber Particle Membrane C Serum of Hevea Latex Lutoids of Hevea Latex Lutoids and Colloidal Stability of Latex Hevea Latex Metabolism Factors Affecting Rubber and Latex Yields Latex of Other Plants Latex of Guayule Possible Role or Functions of the Latex in Plants Latex of Fungi Diseases Related to Natural Rubber Latex (Latex Allergy) Latex Allergy Latex Protein Allergens Proteins and Allergens in Latex Gloves Cross‐Reactivity of Allergens Allergens and Antigens of Latex Products Remarks on Hevea Latex Usage and Allergy Latex Protein Allergens from cDNA Clones Outlook and Perspectives Relevant Patents
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