“…Stickiness can result in the entrapment or gumming up of the mouthparts of herbivorous insects (Dillon et al., 1983; Dussourd, 1993, 1 995; Zalucki & Malcolm, 1999). Latex contains toxic constituents including alkaloids (Roberts, 1987; Valle et al., 1987; Konno et al., 2006), cardiac glycosides (Zalucki & Brower, 1992; Zalucki & Malcolm, 1999), and terpenoids (Evans & Schmidt, 1976; Rees & Harborne, 1985; Spilatro & Mahlberg, 1986). Some insects circumvent the mechanical stickiness and toxic effects of latex by severing laticifers or by cutting trenches prior to consuming the distal tissue (Dussourd, 1993; Zalucki & Malcolm, 1999; Sethi et al., 2006).…”