Latest advances in the extraction and determination of saffron apocarotenoids

Kyriakoudi, Anastasia

doi:10.1002/elps.201700455

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Saffron is cultivated for its red stigmatic lobes and blooms only once a year. It is known as the most expensive spice in the world and called “red gold,” and the maximum estimated world production does not exceed 300–400 tons ( Kyriakoudi and Tsimidou, 2018 ). Therefore, increasing the flower number can represent an effective way of producing more saffron to meet the ever-increasing demand in the market ( Agayev et al, 2009 ; Khilare et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening of Key Proteins Affecting Floral Initiation of Saffron Under Cold Stress Using iTRAQ-Based Proteomics

Chen

Gui-fen

Dong³

et al. 2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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BackgroundSaffron crocus (Crocus sativus) is an expensive and valuable species that presents preventive and curative effects. This study aimed to screen the key proteins affecting the floral initiation of saffron under cold stress and thus increasing yield by regulating the temperature.ResultsProtein expression profiles in flowering and non-flowering saffron buds were established using isobaric tags for relative or absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). A total of 5,624 proteins were identified, and 201 differentially abundant protein species (DAPs) were further obtained between the flowering and non-flowering groups. The most important functions of the upregulated DAPs were “sucrose metabolic process,” “lipid transport,” “glutathione metabolic process,” and “gene silencing by RNA.” Downregulated DAPs were significantly enriched in “starch biosynthetic process” and several oxidative stress response pathways. Three new flower-related proteins, CsFLK, CseIF4a, and CsHUA1, were identified in this study. The following eight key genes were validated by real-time qPCR in flowering and non-flowering top buds from five different growth phases: floral induction- and floral organ development-related genes CsFLK, CseIF4A, CsHUA1, and CsGSTU7; sucrose synthase activity-related genes CsSUS1 and CsSUS2; and starch synthase activity-related genes CsGBSS1 and CsPU1. These findings demonstrate the important roles played by sucrose/starch biosynthesis pathways in floral development at the mRNA level. During normal floral organ development, the sucrose contents in the top buds of saffron increased, and the starch contents decreased. In contrast, non-flowering buds showed significantly decreased sucrose contents under cold stress and no significant changes in starch contents compared with those in the dormancy stage.ConclusionIn this report, the protein profiles of saffron under cold stress and a normal environment were revealed for the first time by iTRAQ. A possible “reactive oxygen species–antioxidant system–starch/sugar interconversion flowering pathway” was established to explain the phenomenon that saffron does not bloom due to low temperature treatment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening of Key Proteins Affecting Floral Initiation of Saffron Under Cold Stress Using iTRAQ-Based Proteomics

Chen

Gui-fen

Dong³

et al. 2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is native to Iran and Spain. The main bioactive compounds in saffron are terpenoids, flavonoids, anthraquinones and cyclohexene [1]. Saffron was first recorded in "Ben cao pin hui jing yao" in China.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative studies of the anti-thrombotic effects of saffron and HongHua based on network pharmacology

Jiang¹,

Lin²,

Li³

et al. 2020

Trop. J. Pharm Res

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Purpose: To investigate the comparative anti-thrombotic effects of saffron and Honghua, and also to explore possible mechanisms in thrombosis based on network pharmacology. Methods: A network pharmacology model was used for bioactive components, targets and pathways for saffron and HongHua via Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), PharmMapper, Genecard, Uniprot and KEGG databases. In animal experiments, 72 rats were randomly divided into 9 groups: normal control group (NC), model control group (MC), crocetin groups (80, 40, 20 mg/kg), hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA) groups (80, 40, 20 mg/kg), and aspirin group (40 mg/kg). Using in vitro thrombosis models and an acute blood stasis model in vivo, the anti-thrombotic effects of these treatments on clotting time, hemorheology parameters, Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), plasmin activator inhibitor (PAI), protein C (PC), protein S (PS), and thrombinantithrombin complex (TAT) were determined and comparisons made for saffron and HongHua. Results: Five potential compounds, 16 anti-thrombotic targets and 27 pathways were predicted for saffron, while 22 compounds, 37 disease targets and 35 pathways were found for HongHua (p < 0.05). Pharmacological experiments revealed that crocetin and HSYA had significant effects on thrombus length, thrombus wet/dry mass, whole blood viscosity (WBV), erythrocyte aggregation index (EAI), clotting time and D-dimer for the high and middle groups. Unlike HSYA, crocetin also had significant and dose-dependent effects on PAI, prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2) and PS and had highly significant effects on TXB2 and TAT. Conclusion: This research provides a systematic, comprehensive and comparative analysis of component, target and anti-thrombotic pathways of saffron and HongHua based on network pharmacology, and also shows that saffron has more significant anti-thrombotic effect than HongHua. Keywords: Saffron; HongHua; Network pharmacology; Anti-thrombosis; Network model

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“…Thus, various research teams focused on the development of extraction methods. It is noted that several researchers have been based on the recommended extraction protocols of the ISO, such as the ISO 3632-2:2010 [ 192 ], and tried to optimize them with the use of assisting techniques, i.e., UAE or MAE. In the above protocol the solid-to-liquid ratio equals 1/2000 and ensures practically the total extraction of bioactives.…”

Section: Saffronmentioning

confidence: 99%

Six Common Herbs with Distinctive Bioactive, Antioxidant Components. A Review of Their Separation Techniques

et al. 2021

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Rosemary, oregano, pink savory, lemon balm, St. John’s wort, and saffron are common herbs wildly grown and easily cultivated in many countries. All of them are rich in antioxidant compounds that exhibit several biological and health activities. They are commercialized as spices, traditional medicines, or raw materials for the production of essential oils. The whole herbs or the residues of their current use are potential sources for the recovery of natural antioxidant extracts. Finding effective and feasible extraction and purification methods is a major challenge for the industrial production of natural antioxidant extracts. In this respect, the present paper is an extensive literature review of the solvents and extraction methods that have been tested on these herbs. Green solvents and novel extraction methods that can be easily scaled up for industrial application are critically discussed.

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Latest advances in the extraction and determination of saffron apocarotenoids

Cited by 14 publications

References 90 publications

Screening of Key Proteins Affecting Floral Initiation of Saffron Under Cold Stress Using iTRAQ-Based Proteomics

Screening of Key Proteins Affecting Floral Initiation of Saffron Under Cold Stress Using iTRAQ-Based Proteomics

Comparative studies of the anti-thrombotic effects of saffron and HongHua based on network pharmacology

Six Common Herbs with Distinctive Bioactive, Antioxidant Components. A Review of Their Separation Techniques

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