Lateral Superior Olive

Friauf, Eckhard; Krächan, Elisa G.; Müller, Nicolas I. C.

doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190849061.013.10

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The somatic long axes of principal and intrinsic neurons were placed onto our LSO model (Supplementary material 4) and the intersecting angle θ was measured with respect to the tonotopic axis. As suggested from the literature, LSO neurons are expected to be oriented at right angles to the tonotopic axis (Scheibel and Scheibel, 1974;Friauf et al, 2019). Each angle was reported as an absolute value and subtracted from 90 • .…”

Section: Tonotopic Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

The lateral superior olive in the mouse: Two systems of projecting neurons

Williams

Filimontseva

Connelly

et al. 2022

Front. Neural Circuits

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The lateral superior olive (LSO) is a key structure in the central auditory system of mammals that exerts efferent control on cochlear sensitivity and is involved in the processing of binaural level differences for sound localization. Understanding how the LSO contributes to these processes requires knowledge about the resident cells and their connections with other auditory structures. We used standard histological stains and retrograde tracer injections into the inferior colliculus (IC) and cochlea in order to characterize two basic groups of neurons: (1) Principal and periolivary (PO) neurons have projections to the IC as part of the ascending auditory pathway; and (2) lateral olivocochlear (LOC) intrinsic and shell efferents have descending projections to the cochlea. Principal and intrinsic neurons are intermixed within the LSO, exhibit fusiform somata, and have disk-shaped dendritic arborizations. The principal neurons have bilateral, symmetric, and tonotopic projections to the IC. The intrinsic efferents have strictly ipsilateral projections, known to be tonotopic from previous publications. PO and shell neurons represent much smaller populations (<10% of principal and intrinsic neurons, respectively), have multipolar somata, reside outside the LSO, and have non-topographic, bilateral projections. PO and shell neurons appear to have widespread projections to their targets that imply a more diffuse modulatory function. The somata and dendrites of principal and intrinsic neurons form a laminar matrix within the LSO and share quantifiably similar alignment to the tonotopic axis. Their restricted projections emphasize the importance of frequency in binaural processing and efferent control for auditory perception. This study addressed and expanded on previous findings of cell types, circuit laterality, and projection tonotopy in the LSO of the mouse.

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Section: Tonotopic Axismentioning

confidence: 99%

The lateral superior olive in the mouse: Two systems of projecting neurons

Williams

Filimontseva

Connelly

et al. 2022

Front. Neural Circuits

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“…Immunohistochemical and pharmacological analysis of Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 Kv7.2 (aka KCNQ2) immunoreactivity was detectable in all major SOC nuclei, and labeling was predominantly somatic (Figures 10A1,A2). GlyT2 colabeling helped to identify pLSOs by their soma shape and the punctate perisomatic and peridendritic pattern described before (Figure 10A3; Friauf et al, 2019). Kv7.2 immunosignals were strong in the cytoplasm, whereas a neurons' nucleus was virtually immunonegative.…”

Section: Potassium Channelsmentioning

confidence: 66%

Molecular and functional profiling of cell diversity and identity in the lateral superior olive, an auditory brainstem center with ascending and descending projections

Maraslioglu-Sperber,

Pizzi,

Fisch

et al. 2024

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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The lateral superior olive (LSO), a prominent integration center in the auditory brainstem, contains a remarkably heterogeneous population of neurons. Ascending neurons, predominantly principal neurons (pLSOs), process interaural level differences for sound localization. Descending neurons (lateral olivocochlear neurons, LOCs) provide feedback into the cochlea and are thought to protect against acoustic overload. The molecular determinants of the neuronal diversity in the LSO are largely unknown. Here, we used patch-seq analysis in mice at postnatal days P10-12 to classify developing LSO neurons according to their functional and molecular profiles. Across the entire sample (n = 86 neurons), genes involved in ATP synthesis were particularly highly expressed, confirming the energy expenditure of auditory neurons. Two clusters were identified, pLSOs and LOCs. They were distinguished by 353 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), most of which were novel for the LSO. Electrophysiological analysis confirmed the transcriptomic clustering. We focused on genes affecting neuronal input–output properties and validated some of them by immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, and pharmacology. These genes encode proteins such as osteopontin, Kv11.3, and Kvβ3 (pLSO-specific), calcitonin-gene-related peptide (LOC-specific), or Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 (no DEGs). We identified 12 “Super DEGs” and 12 genes showing “Cluster similarity.” Collectively, we provide fundamental and comprehensive insights into the molecular composition of individual ascending and descending neurons in the juvenile auditory brainstem and how this may relate to their specific functions, including developmental aspects.

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“…The lateral and medial superior olivary nuclei (LSO/MSO) in the auditory brainstem are among the first locations in the auditory system where the information from the two ears converges, with anatomical and synaptic properties suitable for extracting these small differences [ 1 , 2 ]. An LSO neuron receives excitatory inputs from the ipsilateral ear and inhibitory inputs originating from the contralateral ear [ 3 , 4 ]. Due to this binaural excitatory-inhibitory interaction, the output spike rate of an LSO neuron varies systematically with the interaural level difference (ILD), which is the disparity in the sound intensity levels between the two ears [ 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Noise-induced and age-related hearing loss trigger various functional and anatomical changes in the cochlear nuclei of rodents, but activity-dependent plasticity efficiently counteracts these changes to retain their fundamental functions [ 40 ]. These observations suggest the hypothesis that homeostatic plasticity may contribute to the preservation of binaural tuning in the aged LSO, despite the observed changes in the number and function of inhibitory neurons [ 4 , 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robustness of neuronal tuning to binaural sound localization cues against age-related loss of inhibitory synaptic inputs

2021

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Sound localization relies on minute differences in the timing and intensity of sound arriving at both ears. Neurons of the lateral superior olive (LSO) in the brainstem process these interaural disparities by precisely detecting excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. Aging generally induces selective loss of inhibitory synaptic transmission along the entire auditory pathways, including the reduction of inhibitory afferents to LSO. Electrophysiological recordings in animals, however, reported only minor functional changes in aged LSO. The perplexing discrepancy between anatomical and physiological observations suggests a role for activity-dependent plasticity that would help neurons retain their binaural tuning function despite loss of inhibitory inputs. To explore this hypothesis, we use a computational model of LSO to investigate mechanisms underlying the observed functional robustness against age-related loss of inhibitory inputs. The LSO model is an integrate-and-fire type enhanced with a small amount of low-voltage activated potassium conductance and driven with (in)homogeneous Poissonian inputs. Without synaptic input loss, model spike rates varied smoothly with interaural time and level differences, replicating empirical tuning properties of LSO. By reducing the number of inhibitory afferents to mimic age-related loss of inhibition, overall spike rates increased, which negatively impacted binaural tuning performance, measured as modulation depth and neuronal discriminability. To simulate a recovery process compensating for the loss of inhibitory fibers, the strength of remaining inhibitory inputs was increased. By this modification, effects of inhibition loss on binaural tuning were considerably weakened, leading to an improvement of functional performance. These neuron-level observations were further confirmed by population modeling, in which binaural tuning properties of multiple LSO neurons were varied according to empirical measurements. These results demonstrate the plausibility that homeostatic plasticity could effectively counteract known age-dependent loss of inhibitory fibers in LSO and suggest that behavioral degradation of sound localization might originate from changes occurring more centrally.

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Lateral Superior Olive

Cited by 7 publications

References 17 publications

The lateral superior olive in the mouse: Two systems of projecting neurons

The lateral superior olive in the mouse: Two systems of projecting neurons

Molecular and functional profiling of cell diversity and identity in the lateral superior olive, an auditory brainstem center with ascending and descending projections

Robustness of neuronal tuning to binaural sound localization cues against age-related loss of inhibitory synaptic inputs

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