Lateral gap junction connections between retinal amacrine cells summating sustained responses

Hidaka, Shigekazu; Maehara, Michiyo; Umino, Osamu; Yang, Lu; Hashimoto, Yoko

doi:10.1097/00001756-199310000-00007

Cited by 36 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…Although we have found them to be present in cone photoreceptor and Mb1 bipolar cell gap junctions, the majority are likely to be in amacrine cells, as revealed by in situ hybridization labeling of many cell types in the proximal inner nuclear layer (O'Brien et al, 2004). Tracer coupling and the ultrastructural presence of gap junctions has been described in several types of amacrine cells in the fish retina (Teranishi et al, 1984;Marc et al, 1988;Hidaka et al, 1993;Teranishi & Negishi, 1994;Hidaka et al, 2005). These gap junctions allow expansion of receptive fields beyond the dendritic spread, spike synchronization, and summation of responses (Hidaka et al, 1993;Hidaka et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Tracer coupling and the ultrastructural presence of gap junctions has been described in several types of amacrine cells in the fish retina (Teranishi et al, 1984;Marc et al, 1988;Hidaka et al, 1993;Teranishi & Negishi, 1994;Hidaka et al, 2005). These gap junctions allow expansion of receptive fields beyond the dendritic spread, spike synchronization, and summation of responses (Hidaka et al, 1993;Hidaka et al, 2005). In mammalian AII amacrine cells, homologous coupling provides for summation of rod signals, in part setting the sensitivity of the rod pathway.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Connexin 35/36 is phosphorylated at regulatory sites in the retina

Kothmann

Li²,

Burr

et al. 2007

Vis Neurosci

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Connexin 35/36 is the most widespread neuronal gap junction protein in the retina and central nervous system. Electrical and/or tracer coupling in a number of neuronal circuits that express this connexin are regulated by light adaptation. In many cases the regulation of coupling depends on signaling pathways that activate protein kinases such as PKA, and Cx35 has been shown to be regulated by PKA phosphorylation in cell culture systems. To examine whether phosphorylation might regulate Cx35/36 in the retina we developed phospho-specific polyclonal antibodies against the two regulatory phosphorylation sites of Cx35 and examined the phosphorylation state of this connexin in the retina. Western blot analysis with hybrid bass retinal membrane preparations showed Cx35 to be phosphorylated at both the Ser110 and Ser276 sites, and this labeling was eliminated by alkaline phosphatase digestion. The homologous sites of mouse and rabbit Cx36 were also phosphorylated in retinal membrane preparations. Quantitative confocal immunofluorescence analysis showed gap junctions identified with a monoclonal anti-Cx35 antibody to have variable levels of phosphorylation at both the Ser110 and Ser276 sites. Unusual gap junctions that could be identified by their large size (up to 32 μm 2 ) and location in the IPL showed a prominent shift in phosphorylation state from heavily phosphorylated in nighttime, dark-adapted retina to weakly phosphorylated in daytime, light-adapted retina. Both Ser110 and Ser276 sites showed significant changes in this manner. Under both lighting conditions other gap junctions varied from non-phosphorylated to heavily phosphorylated. We predict that changes in the phosphorylation states of these sites correlate with changes in the degree of coupling through Cx35/36 gap junctions. This leads to the conclusion that connexin phosphorylation mediates changes in coupling in some retinal networks. However, these changes are not global and likely occur in a cell type-specific or possibly a gap junction-specific manner.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connexin 35/36 is phosphorylated at regulatory sites in the retina

Kothmann

Li²,

Burr

et al. 2007

Vis Neurosci

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“…Of the 17 amacrine cells injected with Neurobiotin and found to be tracer coupled, 16 showed a combination of homologous and heterologous coupling. This pattern is quite different from the situation in lower vertebrate retinas, in which homologous coupling between amacrine cells is most prevalent (Teranishi et al, 1984(Teranishi et al, , 1987Jensen and DeVoe, 1982;Negishi and Teranishi, 1990;Hidaka et al, 1993;Teranishi and Negishi, 1994). Thus, in the mammal, coupling between amacrine cells appears to play two different yet simultaneous roles: (1) the efficient movement of similar signals within a homogeneous syncytium of cells and (2) direct integration of dissimilar signals generated in different morphological cell types.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Although there have been many clear demonstrations of dye-coupled cells, this approach has been hampered generally by relatively poor labeling of neurons. In recent years, however, beginning with the work of Vaney (1991), several investigators have shown that diverse types of retinal neuron show clear patterns of coupling when injected with the biotinylated tracers, biocytin and Neurobiotin (Goddard et al, 1991;Dacey and Brace, 1992;Ammermü ller et al, 1993;Hidaka et al, 1993;1994Teranishi and Negishi, 1994;Umino et al, 1994;Bloomfield et al, 1995;Bloomfield et al, 1997). For some, such as horizontal cells and AII amacrine cells, demonstrations of extensive tracer coupling are consistent with established ultrastructural and/or physiological data.…”

mentioning

confidence: 69%

Tracer coupling pattern of amacrine and ganglion cells in the rabbit retina

1997

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We examined the tracer coupling pattern of more than 15 morphological types of amacrine and ganglion cells in the rabbit retina. Individual cells were injected intracellularly with the biotinylated tracer Neurobiotin, which was then allowed to diffuse across gap junctions to label neighboring neurons. We found that homologous and/or heterologous tracer coupling was common for most proximal neurons. In fact, the starburst amacrine cell was the only amacrine cell type that showed no evidence of coupling. The remaining types of amacrine cell were coupled exclusively to other amacrines, either homologously or, more often, through a combination of homologous and heterologous junctions. In only one case did we visualize labeled ganglion cells following injection of Neurobiotin into an amacrine cell. In contrast, injection of Neurobiotin into ganglion cells almost always resulted in the labeling of amacrine cells. Taken together, these results suggest a directionality to the movement of tracer across gap junctions connecting amacrine and ganglion cells. We found that the coupling pattern for a given morphological type of cell was generally stereotypic and consistent across retinas. The notable exceptions to this finding were alpha ganglion cells and cells with morphology corresponding to that of on-off direction selective ganglion cells. In both cases, individual cells showed either extensive coupling to both amacrine and ganglion cells or no coupling at all. A notable finding was that, in every case, the neighboring cells within a tracer-coupled array were always within one gap junction of the injected neuron. Furthermore, in many cases, the array formed by the somata of tracer-coupled cells was almost perfectly coincident with the dendritic arbor of the injected cell. Thus, our results indicate that whereas coupling is extensive within the proximal retina, individual cells partake in coupled networks that are stereotypic and highly circumscribed.

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“…The intercellular adhesion molecules in endothelial cells in the blood brain barrier stained immunohistochemically was also observed by HVEM [18]. In neuroanatomy, three-dimensional structures of the processes of neurons and neuroglial cells in the nervous and sensory systems were extensively studied such as the processes of neurons and neuroglial cells [9,10], synaptic junctions in the rat cerebrum [14], retinal neuronal cells in fishes [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Three-Dimensional and Four-Dimensional Observation of Histochemical and Cytochemical Specimens by High Voltage Electron Microscopy.

Nagata

2001

Acta Histochem. Cytochem

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Lateral gap junction connections between retinal amacrine cells summating sustained responses

Cited by 36 publications

References 0 publications

Connexin 35/36 is phosphorylated at regulatory sites in the retina

Connexin 35/36 is phosphorylated at regulatory sites in the retina

Tracer coupling pattern of amacrine and ganglion cells in the rabbit retina

Three-Dimensional and Four-Dimensional Observation of Histochemical and Cytochemical Specimens by High Voltage Electron Microscopy.

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