Lateral Eye Movements Increase False Memory Rates

Houben, Sanne T. L.; Otgaar, Henry; Roelofs, Jeffrey

doi:10.1177/2167702618757658

Cited by 34 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…We saw in the introduction that some methods are recognized as possibly increasing false memories (e.g., guided imagery). Similarly, recent data have shown that the techniques used in EMDR-whose explicit objective is to reduce the emotional and traumatic impact of some memories (Shapiro, 2018)-can facilitate false memories of suggested information by therapists (Houben et al, 2018). Thus, although these are not strictly speaking recovered memories, such practices can still lead to memory distortions if the methods used are not precautionary (see Dodier & Otgaar, in press, for recommendations towards clinicians in how to interview patients with a history of trauma).…”

Section: Frequencies Of Discussion and Recovered Memories During Thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent works found that lateral eye movements-a technique that is central to EMDR therapy-increased false memory rates in a misinformation paradigm (Houben, Otgaar, Roelofs, & Merckelbach, 2018; but see Calvillo & Emami, in press; van Schie & Leer, in press, for failed replications). A recent meta-analysis also revealed the positive relationship between PTSD, history of trauma and depression and levels of false memory for emotional associative material (Otgaar, Murris, Howe, Merckelbach, 2017).…”

Section: Recovered Memory Therapy and Beliefs About Repressed Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reports of recovered memories of childhood abuse in therapy in France

Dodier

Patihis

Payoux

2019

Memory

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Recovered memories of abuse in therapy are especially controversial if the clients were not aware they were abused before therapy. In the past, such memory recovery has led to legal action, as well as a debate about whether such memories might be repressed, forgotten, or false memories. More than two decades after the height of the controversy, it is unclear to what degree such memories are still recovered today, and to what extent it occurs in France.In our French survey of 1312 participants (M age = 33; 53% female), 551 reported having done therapy at some point. Of that 551, 33 (6%) indicated they had recovered memories of abuse in therapy that they did not know about before therapy. Sexual abuse was the most commonly reported type that was recovered in therapy (79%). As in past research, discussing the possibility of repressed memories with therapists was associated with reports of recovered memories of abuse. Surprisingly, memory recovery occurred just as much in behavioural and cognitive therapies as it did in therapies focused on trauma. We found recovered memories in a proportion of clients who began therapy recently. Recovered memories in therapy appears to be an ongoing concern in France.

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Section: Frequencies Of Discussion and Recovered Memories During Thementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recovered Memory Therapy and Beliefs About Repressed Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Reports of recovered memories of childhood abuse in therapy in France

Dodier

Patihis

Payoux

2019

Memory

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“…In a broader sense, this is relevant to the ongoing discussion about the reliability of repressed memories (i.e., the "memory wars"; Patihis, Ho, Tingen, Lilienfeld, & Loftus, 2014). Houben et al (2018) showed 82 undergraduates a video of a car crash, after which the participants recalled what they saw either with or without simultaneous horizontal EMs. Subsequently, participants were provided with misinformation about the video in the form of an eyewitness narrative.…”

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confidence: 99%

Lateral Eye Movements Do Not Increase False-Memory Rates: A Failed Direct-Replication Study

Schie

Leer

2019

Clinical Psychological Science

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In this direct replication of Houben, Otgaar, Roelofs, and Merckelbach ( Clinical Psychological Science, 6, 610–616, 2018), we tested whether making eye movements during memory recall increases susceptibility to creating false memories. Undergraduates ( N = 206) watched a video of a car crash, after which they recalled the video with or without simultaneously making eye movements. Next, participants received misinformation about the video. Finally, during the critical test, they were questioned about video details. The results showed that making eye movements did not increase endorsement of misinformation (i.e., false memory), nor did it reduce (correct) memory details or memory vividness and emotionality. Random variation in sampling or measurement, low reliability of the test instrument, and observer-expectancy effects may explain discrepancies between study effects. Only multiple direct replications by different (independent) laboratories with standardized instruments will allow for assessing whether the effect is robust and largely independent of random variation and moderators.

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“…In addition, Samara et al also failed to find a significant effect when using neutral valence words for stimuli (but did succeed in finding the effect for emotional words) [17]. Further, while some articles have proposed that eye movements can have the side effect of increasing false memory [e.g., 18], a recent direct replication attempt failed [19]. These failed replications are obviously of major concern and served as a main motivation for attempting to conceptually replicate the SIRE effect in our lab.…”

Section: Eye Movements and Memory Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Re-evaluating whether bilateral eye movements influence memory retrieval

2020

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Several recent studies have reported enhanced memory when retrieval is preceded by repetitive horizontal eye movements, relative to vertical or no eye movements. The reported memory boost has been referred to as the Saccade-Induced Retrieval Enhancement (SIRE) effect. Across two experiments, memory performance was compared following repetitive horizontal or vertical eye movements, as well as following a control condition of no eye movements. In Experiment 1, we conceptually replicated Christman and colleagues' seminal study, finding a statistically significant SIRE effect, albeit with weak Bayesian evidence. We therefore sought to conduct another close extension. In Experiment 2, horizontal and vertical eye movement conditions were manipulated separately, and sample size was increased. No evidence of a SIRE effect was found: Bayesian statistical analyses demonstrated significant evidence for a null effect. Taken together, these experiments suggest that the SIRE effect is inconsistent. The current experiments call into question the generalizability of the SIRE effect and suggest that its presence is very sensitive to experimental design. Future work should further assess the robustness of the effect before exploring related theories or underlying mechanisms. OPEN ACCESSCitation: Roberts BRT, Fernandes MA, MacLeod CM (2020) Re-evaluating whether bilateral eye movements influence memory retrieval. PLoS ONE 15(1): e0227790. https://doi.org/10.

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Lateral Eye Movements Increase False Memory Rates

Cited by 34 publications

References 31 publications

Reports of recovered memories of childhood abuse in therapy in France

Reports of recovered memories of childhood abuse in therapy in France

Lateral Eye Movements Do Not Increase False-Memory Rates: A Failed Direct-Replication Study

Re-evaluating whether bilateral eye movements influence memory retrieval

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