Lateral extra-articular reconstruction length changes during weightbearing knee flexion and pivot shift: A simulation study

Abstract

simulated pivot-shift test supporting the concept that a postero-proximal femoral LER attachment site presents a desirable behavior both during physiological knee flexion and altered knee kinematics.

The effect of modelling parameters in the development and validation of knee joint models on ligament mechanics: A systematic review

“…Out of the 25 studies included, 20 studies were designed to simulate the intact knee joint [ 14 – 17 , 19 – 22 , 24 – 27 , 29 – 34 , 37 , 38 ], two studies modelled both intact and ACL-deficient knee [ 35 , 36 ], one study modelled the intact and PCL-deficient knees [ 28 ], one study modelled the ACL-reconstructed knee [ 18 ], and one study modelled the lateral extra-articular reconstructed knee [ 23 ] ( Fig 2B and Table 3 ). Nine studies modelled one leg [ 19 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 29 – 31 , 33 , 36 ], eight studies developed the whole-body models [ 15 , 16 , 20 , 22 , 26 – 28 , 34 ] and eight studies modelled the lower-body [ 14 , 17 , 18 , 25 , 32 , 35 , 37 , 38 ] ( Fig 2C and Table 3 ).…”

“…These models included geometry from 127 participants/patients’ knees and three cadaveric knees. Intact knee geometries were extracted fully or partially from segmented medical imaging (CT or MRI) of cadaveric specimens [ 25 , 26 , 30 ], participants [ 14 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 29 , 31 , 36 ], patients [ 18 , 22 ], saw bone [ 33 ] or by scaling the generic reference models based on anthropometric data of study participants [ 15 – 17 , 20 , 21 , 27 , 28 , 32 , 34 , 35 , 37 ] ( Fig 2D and Table 3 ). In the rest of the studies, the geometry was taken from available data in the literature [ 19 , 38 ].…”

“…Models were used to simulate various active motions including walking [ 14 , 17 – 19 , 21 , 26 , 28 , 35 , 36 ], running [ 16 , 35 ], squatting [ 19 , 23 , 28 , 37 ], stepping [ 19 ], side cutting[ 22 ], stop jumping-height [ 34 ], single-leg landing [ 15 ], drop-landing [ 20 , 27 ], and passive motions including passive knee flexion [ 24 , 25 , 29 – 33 , 38 ], internal rotation [ 25 , 29 , 32 ], hyper-extension [ 31 ], adduction [ 25 , 29 , 31 , 32 ], passive squatting [ 31 ], drawer test [ 31 , 38 ], and free hung [ 31 ].…”

“…Among the 25 selected studies, ligament bundle attachment footprints were identified directly from cadaveric knees for one study [ 30 ] and virtually on the 3D bone models generated from MRI data in six studies [ 18 , 21 , 22 , 24 , 28 , 31 ]. Other studies used literature to define the attachment points [ 14 – 17 , 19 , 20 , 23 , 25 – 27 , 29 , 32 – 38 ]. Generally, ligaments with small attachment footprints were modelled as a single fibre connecting the centroids of ligament insertion sites [ 18 , 20 , 22 , 24 – 30 , 33 , 34 , 43 ], and ligaments with larger footprints, with multiple fibres [ 14 – 16 , 19 , 21 , 23 , 31 , 32 , 35 – 38 ].…”

“…Other studies used literature to define the attachment points [ 14 – 17 , 19 , 20 , 23 , 25 – 27 , 29 , 32 – 38 ]. Generally, ligaments with small attachment footprints were modelled as a single fibre connecting the centroids of ligament insertion sites [ 18 , 20 , 22 , 24 – 30 , 33 , 34 , 43 ], and ligaments with larger footprints, with multiple fibres [ 14 – 16 , 19 , 21 , 23 , 31 , 32 , 35 – 38 ].…”